16-385 bryum1-t.jpg bryum1-v.jpg 72 bryum1-h.jpg 163 "Bryum species with prostrate moss gametophyte and maturing sporophytic capsules. The capsules are complex, dominating the body of the sporophyte." "Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, sporophyte, moss" 0.1
16-386 bryum2-t.jpg bryum2-v.jpg 59 bryum2-h.jpg 147 Bryum capsules form the sporophyte. The moss gametophyte is prostrate and individual plants are inconspicuous. "Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, sporophyte, moss" 0.2
16-386 polytrichum-t.jpg polytrichum-v.jpg 91 polytrichum-h.jpg 209 Polytrichum species with emergent erect gametophyte. The sporophyte of this plant hydroids and leptoids -- moss analogs of xylem and phloem. "Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, moss" 0.3
16-095 16-095t.jpg 16-095v.jpg 106 16-095h.jpg 533 Mnium antheridiaphore with protective leaves and rhizoids. This moss contains elongated slender antheridia that are largely exposed on the elevated antheridophore. "Bryophyta, Bryales, antheridia" 1
16-094 16-094t.jpg 16-094v.jpg 249 16-094h.jpg 545 Mnium developing antheridia. The antheridia are at a diversity of different developmental stages on the antheridiophore from early spermatogenesis to sperm cell maturation. "Bryophyta, Bryales, antheridia" 2
16-104 16-104t.jpg 16-104v.jpg 132 16-104h.jpg 538 "Mnium archegoniophore provides protective leaves and rhizoids amid the developing archegonia of this moss. Archegonia range from maturity (see egg cell on the left), to quite imature stages." "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia" 3
16-103 16-103t.jpg 16-103v.jpg 129 16-103h.jpg 715 "Mnium archegonium. Archegonia are highly elongated, with thick necks and elongated axial rows of numerous neck cells. This reflects a more primitive form of gametangia." "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia" 4
16-386 mnium-eggs-t.jpg mnium-eggs-v.jpg 79 mnium-eggs-h.jpg 220 "Mnium archegonia. Two archegonia are evident here. The axial row, having begun degeneration, reflects a receptive egg. Note ventral canal cell in the right archegonium." "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss" 4.01
16-386 mnium-egg-redo-t.jpg mnium-egg-redo-v.jpg 82 mnium-egg-redo-h.jpg 228 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell as viewed using differential interference contrast microscopy. "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss" 4.02
16-386 mnium-egg-t.jpg mnium-egg-v.jpg 82 mnium-egg-h.jpg 228 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell. "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss" 4.03
16-386 moss-liverwort-t.jpg moss-liverwort-v.jpg 169 moss-liverwort-h.jpg 417 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell. "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, moss, thallose liverwort" 4.1
16-386 marchantia-gametophore-lawn-t.jpg marchantia-gametophore-lawn-v.jpg 140 marchantia-gametophore-lawn-h.jpg 313 Marchantia thallus with archegoniophores (lobed umbrellas) and antheridiophores (webbed umbrellas). "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort" 4.2
16-386 reboulia-t.jpg reboulia-v.jpg 47 reboulia-h.jpg 131 Reboulia archegoniophores appear largely similar to those of Marchantia. "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, thallose liverwort" 4.21
16-386 marchantia-gametophores-t.jpg marchantia-gametophores-v.jpg 81 marchantia-gametophores-h.jpg 193 Marchantia thallus with archegoniophores (lobed umbrellas) and antheridiophores (webbed umbrellas). "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort" 4.3
16-386 marchantia-gemma-t.jpg marchantia-gemma-v.jpg 56 marchantia-gemma-h.jpg 143 "Marchantia thallus with gemma cups, contining the vegetative propagules called gemmae." "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort" 4.4
16-102 16-102t.jpg 16-102v.jpg 241 16-102h.jpg 642 Marchantia archegoniophore. Archegonia at a range of developmental stages are evident on the underside of the archegoniophore. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegoniophore" 5
16-093 16-093t.jpg 16-093v.jpg 208 16-093h.jpg 410 Marchantia mature antheridium. The sperm cells form in developmental merophytes (derivatives of the same cell lineage). The antheridia are retained within the antheridiophore. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, antheridia" 5.5
16-101 16-101t.jpg 16-101v.jpg 136 16-101h.jpg 608 Marchantia archegoniophore. Immature archegonia through fertilized archegonia are evident on the underside of the archegoniophore. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegoniophore" 6
16-100 16-100t.jpg 16-100v.jpg 102 16-100h.jpg 439 Marchantia developing archegonia. A gradation of archegonial stages are evident on teh underside of this archegoniophore. Note immature ventral canal cell and neck canal mother cell (right). "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 7
16-098 16-098t.jpg 16-098v.jpg 175 16-098h.jpg 2179 "Marchantia archegonial stages. Note the archegonial initial to the left, 2-4 cell stage, to a fertilized archegonium on the right. Of what advantage would this strategy be?" "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 8
16-099 16-099t.jpg 16-099v.jpg 220 16-099h.jpg 442 "Marchantia mature archegonium. Note the large egg cell, ventral canal cell, neck canal cells and axial row. Prior to fertilization, the cells intervening between the cap cell and egg break down." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 9
16-097 16-097t.jpg 16-097v.jpg 87 16-097h.jpg 331 Marchantia archegonial stages. Note archegonial row initial (left). The central archegonium appears ready for fertilization. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 10
16-092 16-092t.jpg 16-092v.jpg 222 16-092h.jpg 442 Marchantia young sporophyte. This archegonium has been recently fertilized and is at about the 64 celled stage. The polarity of the sporophyte is poorly distinguished. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 11
16-096 16-096t.jpg 16-096v.jpg 285 16-096h.jpg 845 "Marchantia mature archegonium. Note the large egg cell, ventral canal cell, and obliquely sectioned neck canal cells. A rhizoid is provides some protection. (Nomarski interference contrast microscopy)" "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonium" 11
16-091 16-091t.jpg 16-091v.jpg 257 16-091h.jpg 485 Marchantia young sporophyte. This sporophyte is still located within the archegonium. Note the degerate material in the archegonial neck through which the sperm entered. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 12
16-090 16-090t.jpg 16-090v.jpg 133 16-090h.jpg 484 "Marchantia young sporophyte. The foot, seta and developing capsule differentiate early in this differentiating sporophyte." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 13
16-089 16-089t.jpg 16-089v.jpg 111 16-089h.jpg 403 "Marchantia young sporophyte. The foot, seta and developing capsule are evident in this differentiating sporophyte." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 14
16-088 16-088t.jpg 16-088v.jpg 163 16-088h.jpg 558 "Marchantia maturing sporophyte. Spores are aligned parallel to elators within the capsule, shown here prior to their separation." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 15
16-087 16-087t.jpg 16-087v.jpg 103 16-087h.jpg 474 "Marchantia mature sporophyte. The capsule is filled with spores and elators that aid dissemination. These hang, pendulous from the archegoniophore." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 16
16-085 16-085t.jpg 16-085v.jpg 81 16-085h.jpg 631 "Kidstone and Gwynne-Vaughn examining the fossils of the Rhynie chert, where Rhynia and many of the Rhyniophytes were discovered." Early Fossil Hunters 16.1
16-083 16-083t.jpg 16-083v.jpg 89 16-083h.jpg 441 Cooksonia and Rhynia in a diorama of life 400 mya. Milwaukee Public Museum. "Museum, Devonian, Rhyniophyta" 16.2
16-086 16-086t.jpg 16-086v.jpg 68 16-086h.jpg 271 Origin of Alternation of Generations is depicted in these two diagrams illustrating the isomorphic (homologous) and transformation (antithetic) models. Alternation of Generations 16.6
16-059 16-059t.jpg 16-059v.jpg 109 16-059h.jpg 2109 Lycopodium sporangial initials are characteristic of the eusporangiate development. Note the axial origin of the sporangium. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangial ontogeny" 17
16-069 16-069t.jpg 16-069v.jpg 195 16-069h.jpg 580 Lycopodium obscurum plectostele. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-070 16-070t.jpg 16-070v.jpg 107 16-070h.jpg 343 Lycopodium adpressum apical meristem with apical cell. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-071 16-071t.jpg 16-071v.jpg 193 16-071h.jpg 353 "Lycopodium obscurum shows two microphyll morphologies, overtopped strobili. Vilas County, Wisconsin." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-072 16-072t.jpg 16-072v.jpg 166 16-072h.jpg 341 "Lycopodium inundatum rhizome with conspicuous leaf traces, exarch maturation." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-073 16-073t.jpg 16-073v.jpg 88 16-073h.jpg 293 "Lycopodium clavatum shows three microphyll morphologies, multiple strobili and relatively great specialization. Vilas County, Wisconsin." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-074 16-074t.jpg 16-074v.jpg 178 16-074h.jpg 558 "Lycopodium clavatum rhizome cross section showing an impressive plectostele, leaf traces and sclerified cortical sheath." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-075 16-075t.jpg 16-075v.jpg 163 16-075h.jpg 281 "Lycopodium annotinum shows two microphyll morphologies, terminal strobili and determinate growth. Vilas County, Wisconsin." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-076 16-076t.jpg 16-076v.jpg 102 16-076h.jpg 184 "Lycopodium lucidulum showing interrupted strobilus, sporophylls nearly identical to microphylls. A propagule known as a bulbil is also visible." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-077 16-077t.jpg 16-077v.jpg 196 16-077h.jpg 337 "Lycopodium squarrosum showing epiphytic, tropical habit. Photo taken at Australian National Botanical Garden, Canberra." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-078 16-078t.jpg 16-078v.jpg 241 16-078h.jpg 442 "Lycopodium sp. in Costa Rica, shows typical habit of an epiphytic lycopod." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-079 16-079t.jpg 16-079v.jpg 148 16-079h.jpg 272 "Lycopodium phlegmaria showing epiphytic, tropical habit. Photo taken at Australian National Botanical Garden, Canberra." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-080 16-080t.jpg 16-080v.jpg 110 16-080h.jpg 357 Lycopodium lucidulum shows indeterminate growth on all axes. Interrupted reproductive regions constitute poorly defined strobilar regions. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.01
16-061 16-061t.jpg 16-061v.jpg 125 16-061h.jpg 410 "Lycopodium lucidulum bulbil viewed in longitudinal section, showing subtending leaf, as well as shoot and root apices." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.02
16-058 16-058t.jpg 16-058v.jpg 111 16-058h.jpg 1830 Lycopodium sporangial development. This eusporangium is still reasonably early in development. Note the origin of layering in the sporangium -- an early stage in formation of the sporangial wall. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangial ontogeny" 18
16-057 16-057t.jpg 16-057v.jpg 213 16-057h.jpg 1664 Lycopodium later sporangial development. Sporogenous tissue is just beginning to become conspicuous by its greater cytoplasmic density and accumulation of dense nuclei. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 19
16-056 16-056t.jpg 16-056v.jpg 177 16-056h.jpg 1144 Lycopodium late sporangial development. Sporogenous tissue is quite well defined at this stage. The thick walls surrounding developing sporocytes is characteristic. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 20
16-055 16-055t.jpg 16-055v.jpg 102 16-055h.jpg 1667 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis I. Sporocytes have just undergone meiosis and spores are present in tetrads in this image. Note the thickness of the sporangial wall and the organization of tapetal cells. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 21
16-054 16-054t.jpg 16-054v.jpg 84 16-054h.jpg 1506 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis II. Post-meiotic spores remain in tetrads in this image. Tapetal cells are found among the sporocytes at this stage. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 22
16-053 16-053t.jpg 16-053v.jpg 102 16-053h.jpg 1587 "Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis III. Tetrads have broken down, releasting the spores as individual cells. Exine walls are well developed in the spores at this stage. Tapetal cells found among the sporocytes are beginning to break down." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 23
16-052 16-052t.jpg 16-052v.jpg 116 16-052h.jpg 1968 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis IV. Spores with conspicuous exines separate. Occasionally cells with their trilete mark evident are visible. Tapetal cells found among the sporocytes continue to break down. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 24
16-051 16-051t.jpg 16-051v.jpg 116 16-051h.jpg 1534 Lycopodium mature eusporangium. Spores continue to increase in density as they accumulate food stores. The tapetum breaks down as its nutrients dry up in preparation for dehiscence. Note the laminar location of sporangial attachment on the sporophyll. This is characteristic of some of the more derived of the Lycopodiaceae. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium" 25
16-050 16-050t.jpg 16-050v.jpg 258 16-050h.jpg 1938 Lycopodium lucidulum mature eusporangium. Note the axillary location of sporangial attachment. This is characteristic of some of the less derived of the Lycopodiaceae. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium" 26
16-049 16-049t.jpg 16-049v.jpg 129 16-049h.jpg 1990 Lycopodium obscurum mature eusporangium. Spores continue to increase in density as they accumulate food stores. The tapetum breaks down as its nutrients dry up in preparation for dehiscence. Note the laminar location of sporangial attachment on the sporophyll. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium" 27
16-060 16-060t.jpg 16-060v.jpg 193 16-060h.jpg 347 "Phylloglossum drummondii tuber and shoot apex. This diminutive close relative of the genus Lycopodium, believed to be a derived member of the Lycopodiales, is quite rare. Slide made at University of Oklahoma" "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, tuber" 28
16-048 16-048t.jpg 16-048v.jpg 299 16-048h.jpg 1878 "Phylloglossum drummondii stobilus. This image of this unusual plant shows a longitudinal section of the cone, displaying a wide range of stages of sporogenesis." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangia" 29
16-047 16-047t.jpg 16-047v.jpg 103 16-047h.jpg 1912 "Lycopodium gametophyte with mature antheridia. The antheridia are embedded in this species, with a single layer of cells at the aperture. Antheridia are typically on the underside of the gametophyte." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, antheridia" 30
16-046 16-046t.jpg 16-046v.jpg 130 16-046h.jpg 1975 "Lycopodium gametophyte with endophytic fungus, which is characteristic of the slowest growing of the Lycopod gametophytes. The gametophytes of some species may require up to seven years to mature." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte" 31
16-044 16-044t.jpg 16-044v.jpg 128 16-044h.jpg 2030 Lycopodium gametophyte with archegonia show the onset of the sexual phase of this long-lived plant. Note the axial row present in the archegonial neck. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, archegonium, embryogenesis" 32
16-045 16-045t.jpg 16-045v.jpg 120 16-045h.jpg 2027 "Lycopodium gametophyte with mature archegonia showing the axial row in the archegonial neck, ventral canal cell and interior egg cell." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, archegonium" 33
16-043 16-043t.jpg 16-043v.jpg 209 16-043h.jpg 1658 "Lycopodium embryogenesis shows a high diversity of different embryogenetic pathways, which is presumed to be a primitive characteristic. The classical embryo is endoscopic, with the suspensor located under the archegonial neck and the shoot emerging laterally." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis" 34
16-042 16-042t.jpg 16-042v.jpg 125 16-042h.jpg 2025 "Lycopodium embryogenesis shows the characteristic young leaves of this plant. The classical embryo is endoscopic, with the suspensor located under the archegonial neck and the shoot emerging laterally." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis" 35
16-067 16-067t.jpg 16-067v.jpg 112 16-067h.jpg 366 "Selaginella krausiana anisotomous branching. Although the shoot apex undergoes dichotomous branching, overtopping results in anisotomy and a pseudomonopodial appearance in the plant habit." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, shoot apex, dichotomous branching" 35.01
16-041 16-041t.jpg 16-041v.jpg 243 16-041h.jpg 1726 "Selaginella shoot apex. Branching of the apex is dichotomous, but one axis tends to overtop the other (anisotomous) resulting in pseudomonopodial branching. The vascular cylinder is suspended by trabeculae in mature regions of the axis." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, shoot apex, dichotomous branching" 35.02
16-066 16-066t.jpg 16-066v.jpg 98 16-066h.jpg 407 Selaginella apical meristem with apical cell at the tip. Note leaf primordia and young leaves. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.51
16-064 16-064t.jpg 16-064v.jpg 123 16-064h.jpg 399 Selaginella rhizome. Note meristeles are located in schizogenous chambers within the stem. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.52
16-065 16-065t.jpg 16-065v.jpg 126 16-065h.jpg 370 Selaginella rhizome showing a meristele with a plate of xylem. Note trabeculae and Casparian strips indicative of endodermis. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.53
16-063 16-063t.jpg 16-063v.jpg 81 16-063h.jpg 272 "Selaginella root with two vascular bundles, presumably close to a dichotomy." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.57
16-068 16-068t.jpg 16-068v.jpg 148 16-068h.jpg 402 "Selaginella root with two vascular bundles, presumably close to a dichotomy." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.58
16-062 16-062t.jpg 16-062v.jpg 127 16-062h.jpg 385 "Selaginella rhizophore resembles both stems and roots to some degree. Created by an angle meristem in dichotomies, these are enigmatic organs." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.59
16-037 16-037t.jpg 16-037v.jpg 209 16-037h.jpg 356 Selaginella strobilar axis with adjacent newly initiated and maturing megasporangium and ligule. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 37
16-038 16-038t.jpg 16-038v.jpg 96 16-038h.jpg 349 Selaginella microsporangium within a microsporophyll. A ligule is quite conspicuous subtending the microsporangium. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium" 38
16-040 16-040t.jpg 16-040v.jpg 128 16-040h.jpg 2339 Selaginella microsporangium with numerous microspores within. Note the layering of the eusporangium. Does this appear to be close to dehiscence? "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium" 39
16-039 16-039t.jpg 16-039v.jpg 137 16-039h.jpg 399 Selaginella microsporangium and microspores. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium" 40
16-036 16-036t.jpg 16-036v.jpg 170 16-036h.jpg 286 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. A ligule is quite conspicous subtending the megasporangium. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 41
16-035 16-035t.jpg 16-035v.jpg 185 16-035h.jpg 329 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 42
16-034 16-034t.jpg 16-034v.jpg 60 16-034h.jpg 246 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 43
16-033 16-033t.jpg 16-033v.jpg 250 16-033h.jpg 440 Selaginella megaspores are evident in two adjacent megasporangia. Note the velum and sporophylls. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 44
16-032 16-032t.jpg 16-032v.jpg 146 16-032h.jpg 461 "Selaginella megaspores in the megasporangium. Microgametogenesis has progressed to near maturity. It is unclear whether the trilete mark has split, but it may have already germinated." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 45
16-031 16-031t.jpg 16-031v.jpg 198 16-031h.jpg 344 Isoetes storkii plant in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit" 46
16-030 16-030t.jpg 16-030v.jpg 94 16-030h.jpg 317 Isoetes storkii in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit" 47
16-029 16-029t.jpg 16-029v.jpg 157 16-029h.jpg 535 Isoetes storkii in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit" 48
16-028 16-028t.jpg 16-028v.jpg 328 16-028h.jpg 616 Isoetes storkii found in nature. Roy Lent holds a species of Isoetes over the water in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit" 49
16-027 16-027t.jpg 16-027v.jpg 441 16-027h.jpg 899 "Isoetes median saggital section showing microphylls, apical meristem, anchor-shaped vascular core and traces (leaf and root)." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 50
16-026 16-026t.jpg 16-026v.jpg 174 16-026h.jpg 768 "Isoetes median saggital section showing surmounting microphylls, apical meristem, anchor-shaped vascular core (characteristic of a sagittal section and traces (leaf and root)." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis, root apex" 51
16-025 16-025t.jpg 16-025v.jpg 382 16-025h.jpg 666 "Isoetes median frontal section showing surmounting microphylls, apical meristem, vascular core and traces (leaf and root). Note prismatic zone." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 52
16-024 16-024t.jpg 16-024v.jpg 372 16-024h.jpg 695 Isoetes corm in longitudinal section showing the vascular attachment of the roots and their endogenous origin from the root apical region from the central vascular core. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 53
16-023 16-023t.jpg 16-023v.jpg 198 16-023h.jpg 706 Isoetes corm in cross section. The protostele of this plant is indeed unusually loose. A unifacial cambium forms parenchyma cells and some xylem tracheids. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 54
16-022 16-022t.jpg 16-022v.jpg 185 16-022h.jpg 589 Isoetes corm in cross section. This is the basal portion of the corm showing diverging root traces. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 55
16-021 16-021t.jpg 16-021v.jpg 188 16-021h.jpg 644 Isoetes corm in cross section. Note the unifacial cambium creating the prismatic zone. The cambium primarily gives rise to parenchyma. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 56
16-020 16-020t.jpg 16-020v.jpg 162 16-020h.jpg 663 Isoetes corm in cross section. This unusual corm had three lobes. The center shows its Y-shaped furrow. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 57
16-019 16-019t.jpg 16-019v.jpg 413 16-019h.jpg 842 "Isoetes corm viewed by basal section showing the ranked rhizotaxis of the roots. Although the roots arise endogenously, it is unusual to have such regular spacings." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, rhizotaxis" 58
16-018 16-018t.jpg 16-018v.jpg 288 16-018h.jpg 541 "Isoetes ligule in cross section is present above the sporangium. Its function is still unclear, even though it is considered to be a characteristic structure of the heterosporous lycopods." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 59
16-017 16-017t.jpg 16-017v.jpg 102 16-017h.jpg 316 Isoetes root cross section. This unusual tubular structure with an eccentric positioning of the trace is also characteristic of the roots of the extinct plant Stigmaria. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, Stigmarian root" 60
16-016 16-016t.jpg 16-016v.jpg 108 16-016h.jpg 389 Isoetes root cross section. This possesses an almost trabecular connection of the root trace. The unusual tubular structure resembles the leaves in some ways. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, Stigmarian root" 61
16-015 16-015t.jpg 16-015v.jpg 127 16-015h.jpg 280 "Isoetes leaf cross section showing the four-chamber nature of the distal part of the leaf. Typical of a microphyllous plant, there is a single trace in the leaf." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, leaf" 62
16-014 16-014t.jpg 16-014v.jpg 345 16-014h.jpg 671 Isoetes median longitudinal section showing the vascular supply to the maturing sporophylls very nicely. The apical meristem surmounts the vascular core that is located beneath. Note the conspicuous loosely-organized primary xylem. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 63
16-013 16-013t.jpg 16-013v.jpg 169 16-013h.jpg 726 "Isoetes median longitudinal section showing immature microphylls and apical meristem. The vascular core is located beneath, with primary xylem conspicuous in this view." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 64
16-012 16-012t.jpg 16-012v.jpg 324 16-012h.jpg 695 Isoetes median longitudinal section showing an early eusporangium developing on the surface of the sporophyll and the apical meristem closeby. Sporophylls protect the apical region. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 65
16-011 16-011t.jpg 16-011v.jpg 349 16-011h.jpg 648 "Isoetes median longitudinal section showing maturing sporophylls, the apical meristem, and the underlying corm, with its unusual vascular cambium region." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 66
16-010 16-010t.jpg 16-010v.jpg 316 16-010h.jpg 568 Isoetes microsporangium containing maturing microspores that are located among the trabecular process of the sporangium. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, microsporangium" 67
16-009 16-009t.jpg 16-009v.jpg 330 16-009h.jpg 577 Isoetes microsporangium containing maturing microspores that are located among the trabecular process of the sporangium. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, microsporangium" 68
16-008 16-008t.jpg 16-008v.jpg 284 16-008h.jpg 548 "Isoetes megasporophyll with ligule. Although the function of the ligule is not clear, it is characteristic and contains an endodermal layer, suggesting secretory involvement. Many megaspores are evident." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium" 69
16-007 16-007t.jpg 16-007v.jpg 232 16-007h.jpg 391 "Isoetes megasporangium containing maturing megaspores, prior to the filling of the cytoplasm." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium" 70
16-006 16-006t.jpg 16-006v.jpg 131 16-006h.jpg 493 "Isoetes megasporangium containing maturing megaspores. In Isoetes the spores often have multiple nuclei, indicating that these are in early megagametogenesis." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium, microsporangium" 71
16-005 16-005t.jpg 16-005v.jpg 181 16-005h.jpg 339 Isoetes megasporangium containing megaspores with early stage megagametophytes. Retension and provisioning of the megaspores shows increased of gametophytic tissues. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium" 72
16-004 16-004t.jpg 16-004v.jpg 91 16-004h.jpg 311 "Isoetes megagametophyte soon after germination. Swelling of gametophytic tissue occurs along the trilete mark. At this location and along these grooves, archegonia form that will be fertilized by motile sperm, if present." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, gametogenesis" 73
16-003 16-003t.jpg 16-003v.jpg 146 16-003h.jpg 252 "Isoetes embryogenesis. Inclined exoscopic embryo gives rise to shoot, leaf, root and foot. Shoot emerges through wall of the gametophyte to establish the young sporophyte. From Wardlaw (1955), p. 119." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, embryogenesis" 74
16-equisetum equisetum-t.jpg equisetum-v.jpg 23 equisetum-h.jpg 23 Equisetum hyemale reproductive/vegetative shoot. An intermediate morphological pattern. Courtesy Cals Plant-of-the-Week "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 74.5
16-002 16-002t.jpg 16-002v.jpg 46 16-002h.jpg 152 "Equisetum arvense reproductive and vegetative shoots. Sporangiophores are readily visible in the strobilus, as is the basal annulus. Photo taken in May in Bayside, Wisconsin" "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 75
16-001 16-001t.jpg 16-001v.jpg 62 16-001h.jpg 198 "Equisetum arvense has classically dimorphic aerial shoots. Reproductive shoots have strobili just reaching maturity (anthesis) as vegetative axes are becoming conspicuous. Photo taken in May in Bayside, Wisconsin" "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 76
16-211 16-211t.jpg 16-211v.jpg 52 16-211h.jpg 113 Equisetum arvense. Young aerial stem with elongating lateral branches piercing base of microphylls "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 80
16-210 16-210t.jpg 16-210v.jpg 77 16-210h.jpg 168 "Equisetum giganteum in Costa Rica, co-starring Roy Lent." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 81
16-209 16-209t.jpg 16-209v.jpg 78 16-209h.jpg 287 "Equisetum arvense aerial stem cross-section. This is the sterile stem, showing carinal and vallecular canals, ribs." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 82
16-208 16-208t.jpg 16-208v.jpg 41 16-208h.jpg 172 "Equisetum arvense shoot apex cross section of apex and lateral branches, showing cortical ribs and fused microphyllous leaves." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 83
16-207 16-207t.jpg 16-207v.jpg 67 16-207h.jpg 229 Equisetum intermedium stem showing highly silicified rib. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 84
16-206 16-206t.jpg 16-206v.jpg 34 16-206h.jpg 149 "Equisetum arvense stem cross section at the node, showing lateral branch apices located opposite the leaf midribs." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 85
16-205 16-205t.jpg 16-205v.jpg 76 16-205h.jpg 247 Equisetum hyamale vascular bundle in rhizome. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 86
16-204 16-204t.jpg 16-204v.jpg 48 16-204h.jpg 174 Equisetum stem with carinal and vallecular canals. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 87
16-203 16-203t.jpg 16-203v.jpg 44 16-203h.jpg 150 Equisetum intermedium vascular bundle in aerial stem. Note location of the endodermis. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 88
16-202 16-202t.jpg 16-202v.jpg 41 16-202h.jpg 147 Equisetum hyamale endodermis with conspicuous Casparian strips. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 89
16-201 16-201t.jpg 16-201v.jpg 85 16-201h.jpg 311 "Equisetum arvense nodal region. Note interruption of vallecular canals, pith opening." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 90
16-200 16-200t.jpg 16-200v.jpg 62 16-200h.jpg 242 "Equisetum branch before emergence through the leaf sheath, as viewed in median longitudinal section." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 91
16-199 16-199t.jpg 16-199v.jpg 51 16-199h.jpg 200 "Equisetum intermedium young root, showing canal system and central vasculature." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 92
16-198 16-198t.jpg 16-198v.jpg 70 16-198h.jpg 266 Equisetum intermedium older root vasculature "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 93
16-197 16-197t.jpg 16-197v.jpg 50 16-197h.jpg 193 "Equisetum intermedium vascular bundle, showing carinal canal, protoxylem, metaxylem, phloem." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 94
16-196 16-196t.jpg 16-196v.jpg 62 16-196h.jpg 225 Equisetum intermedium another root "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 95
16-195 16-195t.jpg 16-195v.jpg 48 16-195h.jpg 174 Equisetum intermedium lateral root formation. Note the prominent apical cell and relative position of different cell layers. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 96
16-194 16-194t.jpg 16-194v.jpg 76 16-194h.jpg 313 "Equisetum root apex, showing apical cell, root axis and root cap." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 97
16-193 16-193t.jpg 16-193v.jpg 47 16-193h.jpg 194 "Equisetum root apex shown at higher magnification, showing the four cutting faces of apical cell. Its derivatives are evident in root axis and root cap." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 98
16-192 16-192t.jpg 16-192v.jpg 48 16-192h.jpg 202 "Equisetum shoot apex, showing apical cell, merophytes and pattern of leaf initiation." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 99
16-191 16-191t.jpg 16-191v.jpg 58 16-191h.jpg 202 Equisetum sporangium with mature spores and elators. Note structure of endothecial thickenings and cell layers in sporangial wall. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 100
16-190 16-190t.jpg 16-190v.jpg 66 16-190h.jpg 274 "Equisetum sporangiophore, innervated with central vascular bundle, visible here." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 101
16-189 16-189t.jpg 16-189v.jpg 32 16-189h.jpg 146 Equisetum gametophyte with antheridia. Note rhizoids and marginal placement of gametangia. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 102
16-188 16-188t.jpg 16-188v.jpg 70 16-188h.jpg 262 Equisetum gametophyte showing the organization of the prothallus tissue. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 103
16-187 16-187t.jpg 16-187v.jpg 54 16-187h.jpg 212 Equisetum antheridium at near maturity. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 104
16-186 16-186t.jpg 16-186v.jpg 54 16-186h.jpg 210 Equisetum antheridium at near maturity. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 105
16-185 16-185t.jpg 16-185v.jpg 62 16-185h.jpg 246 Equisetum antheridium nearly at maturity. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 106
16-184 16-184t.jpg 16-184v.jpg 54 16-184h.jpg 240 Equisetum antheridium near maturity. Note the single-cell layer forming the operculum through which the sperm cells are released. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 107
16-183 16-183t.jpg 16-183v.jpg 59 16-183h.jpg 258 Equisetum gametophyte showing placement of archegonia and antheridis "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 108
16-182 16-182t.jpg 16-182v.jpg 49 16-182h.jpg 197 Equisetum anteridia with nearly mature sperm cells. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 109
16-181 16-181t.jpg 16-181v.jpg 50 16-181h.jpg 196 Equisetum archegonia with eggs "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 110
16-180 16-180t.jpg 16-180v.jpg 47 16-180h.jpg 189 Equisetum embryo during early development. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 111
16-082 16-082t.jpg 16-082v.jpg 67 16-082h.jpg 411 "Zosterophyllophyte in the Devonian. Strobili consist of reniform sporangia on short laterals, and increasing vegetative complexity." "Museum, Devonian, Zosterophyllophyta" 119
16-081 16-081t.jpg 16-081v.jpg 213 16-081h.jpg 435 "Psilophyton princeps, a Trimerophyte. Plants in this group are believed to be the source of most vascular land plants." "Museum, Devonian, Trimerophyta" 120
16-084 16-084t.jpg 16-084v.jpg 109 16-084h.jpg 472 Reconstruction of a Devonian scene. A diorama by the Milwaukee Public Museum. "Museum, Devonian" 121
16-105 16-105t.jpg 16-105v.jpg 157 16-105h.jpg 2151 Botrychium rhizome displaying secondary xylem. Note fibrous matrix with leaf and root traces. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 122
16-106 16-106t.jpg 16-106v.jpg 124 16-106h.jpg 1484 "Botrychium rhizome periderm, a secondary tissue that replaces the epidermis." "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 123
16-107 16-107t.jpg 16-107v.jpg 143 16-107h.jpg 1764 Botrychium rhizome vascular cambium and secondary xylem. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 124
16-108 16-108t.jpg 16-108v.jpg 183 16-108h.jpg 2184 Botrychium stipe showing the vasculature of the fertile (lower) and sterile (upper) pinnae. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 125
16-109 16-109t.jpg 16-109v.jpg 159 16-109h.jpg 985 Botrychium root showing general morphology and central protostele. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 126
16-110 16-110t.jpg 16-110v.jpg 170 16-110h.jpg 1901 Botrychium root vascular core showing central stele. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 127
16-111 16-111t.jpg 16-111v.jpg 110 16-111h.jpg 1579 "Botrychium sporangium during late sporogenesis, showing its eusporangiate nature. Note tapetum and early post-meiotic spores." "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 128
16-112 16-112t.jpg 16-112v.jpg 133 16-112h.jpg 1461 Botrychium sporagium nearing maturity. Spores dry as they near dispersal. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 129
16-113 16-113t.jpg 16-113v.jpg 142 16-113h.jpg 1627 Botrychium gametophyte displaying a layer of endophytic fungus. Gametangia develop on the underside. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 130
16-114 16-114t.jpg 16-114v.jpg 138 16-114h.jpg 1663 Botrychium gametophyte with antheridia at different developmental stages and archegonia nearby. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 131
16-115 16-115t.jpg 16-115v.jpg 158 16-115h.jpg 1629 Botrychium shoot apex with multiple layers of foliar units developing from the inside. Only one foliar unit matures each year. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 132
16-116 16-116t.jpg 16-116v.jpg 126 16-116h.jpg 1662 Botrychium stipe showing departure of fertile vasculature. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 133
16-117 16-117t.jpg 16-117v.jpg 119 16-117h.jpg 890 Ophioglossum stipe showing vaculature of the foliar unit. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 134
16-118 16-118t.jpg 16-118v.jpg 114 16-118h.jpg 1451 Ophioglossum fertile spike showing synangiate eusporangia and connective material in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 135
16-119 16-119t.jpg 16-119v.jpg 163 16-119h.jpg 1239 Ophioglossum fertile spike showing synangiate eusporangia and vasculature in longitudinal section. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 136
16-120 16-120t.jpg 16-120v.jpg 154 16-120h.jpg 1742 "Ophioglossum eusporangium showing maturing spores, sporangial walls and tapetum." "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 137
16-121 16-121t.jpg 16-121v.jpg 144 16-121h.jpg 1649 Ophioglossum root showing general morphology. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 138
16-122 16-122t.jpg 16-122v.jpg 200 16-122h.jpg 2005 Helminthostachys rhizome showing secondary growth and vascular cambium. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Helminthostachys" 139
16-123 16-123t.jpg 16-123v.jpg 204 16-123h.jpg 1999 Helminthostachys root showing stelar organization and cortex. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Helminthostachys" 140
16-124 16-124t.jpg 16-124v.jpg 154 16-124h.jpg 481 Angiopteris plant showing large fronds and pinnae (taken in Tahiti). "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 141
16-125 16-125t.jpg 16-125v.jpg 97 16-125h.jpg 1120 Angiopteris rhizome showing the base of its large fronds and clasping stipules. Multiple aphlebiae are evident on the stipe. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 142
16-126 16-126t.jpg 16-126v.jpg 82 16-126h.jpg 1265 "Angiopteris rhizome is vertical, massive and usually quite slow growing." "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 143
16-127 16-127t.jpg 16-127v.jpg 252 16-127h.jpg 3072 Angiopteris root vasculature and stelar structure. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 144
16-128 16-128t.jpg 16-128v.jpg 230 16-128h.jpg 2926 Angiopteris root vasculature and stelar structure in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 145
16-129 16-129t.jpg 16-129v.jpg 162 16-129h.jpg 2376 Angiopteris root vasculature and stele in longitudinal section. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 146
16-130 16-130t.jpg 16-130v.jpg 139 16-130h.jpg 1148 Angiopteris root detail showing weak secondary vasculature and cortical interface in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 147
16-131 16-131t.jpg 16-131v.jpg 83 16-131h.jpg 1083 Angiopteris sporangia showing the separate nature of their eusporangia. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 148
16-132 16-132t.jpg 16-132v.jpg 123 16-132h.jpg 1297 Angiopteris sporangia showing separation at the base of the eusporangia. Dehiscence line is longitudinal. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 149
16-133 16-133t.jpg 16-133v.jpg 77 16-133h.jpg 1089 Danea synangium showing abaxial laterally fused eusporangia. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Danea" 150
16-134 16-134t.jpg 16-134v.jpg 119 16-134h.jpg 1282 Danea synangium with lateral fusion of eusporangia and abaxial line of dehiscence. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Danea" 151
16-135 16-135t.jpg 16-135v.jpg 142 16-135h.jpg 1468 Marattia synangium in longitudinal section with internally opening lines of dehiscence of the eusporangia. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Marattia" 152
16-136 16-136t.jpg 16-136v.jpg 119 16-136h.jpg 1377 Marattia synangium in cross section. Sori are fused and separated from the abaxial surface of the frond. The unusual internally dehiscent eusporangia are evident. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Marattia" 153
16-163 16-163t.jpg 16-163v.jpg 111 16-163h.jpg 1131 Gleichenia sp. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.01
16-164 16-164t.jpg 16-164v.jpg 81 16-164h.jpg 876 Asplenium nidis - bird's nest fern "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.02
16-144 16-144t.jpg 16-144v.jpg 148 16-144h.jpg 1814 Circinate vernation of fronds is typical of ferns and may occur in several orders of pinnae. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.19
16-137 16-137t.jpg 16-137v.jpg 198 16-137h.jpg 1442 Tree fern apex showing developing frond. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2
16-138 16-138t.jpg 16-138v.jpg 70 16-138h.jpg 1111 Frond organization is composed of often repeating elements of fractal-like nature. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2
16-139 16-139t.jpg 16-139v.jpg 275 16-139h.jpg 2275 Dicksonia antarctica in Australia "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2
16-140 16-140t.jpg 16-140v.jpg 260 16-140h.jpg 1447 Dicksonia antarctica in Australia "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2
16-141 16-141t.jpg 16-141v.jpg 134 16-141h.jpg 1791 Tree fern shoot apex showing frond maturation "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2
16-142 16-142t.jpg 16-142v.jpg 257 16-142h.jpg 2876 Dicksonia antarctica may become as tall as 4-5 meters (to 18 feet). Fronds are often a meter or longer "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit, ecology" 153.2
16-143 16-143t.jpg 16-143v.jpg 331 16-143h.jpg 3248 Tree fern forest in New Zealand temperate rain forest. Tree ferns may dominate the understory. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit, ecology" 153.29
16-165 16-165t.jpg 16-165v.jpg 136 16-165h.jpg 1988 "Cyathea dealbata - ""Ponga"", ""Silver Tree Fern"" is a native tree fern of New Zealand." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.3
16-166 16-166t.jpg 16-166v.jpg 84 16-166h.jpg 366 "Dicksonia antarctica - tree fern, taken at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve, Australian Capital Territory near Canberra." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.3
16-147 16-147t.jpg 16-147v.jpg 149 16-147h.jpg 1963 Lygodium rhizome showing the stele and fibrous cortical cells. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 154
16-146 16-146t.jpg 16-146v.jpg 157 16-146h.jpg 1875 Lygodium rhizome medullated (or vitalized) protostele. Note the parenchyma cells amid the tracheids. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 155
16-145 16-145t.jpg 16-145v.jpg 213 16-145h.jpg 3738 Gleichenia rhizome with medullated protostele. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 156
16-155 16-155t.jpg 16-155v.jpg 144 16-155h.jpg 1544 Gleichenia rhizome showing divergence of presumed root trace. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 157
16-151 16-151t.jpg 16-151v.jpg 160 16-151h.jpg 1818 Osmunda rhizome with ectophloic dissected siphonostele (eustele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 158
16-148 16-148t.jpg 16-148v.jpg 162 16-148h.jpg 2122 "Osmunda rhizome divergence of leaf trace, forming leaf gap." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 159
16-150 16-150t.jpg 16-150v.jpg 133 16-150h.jpg 2028 Osmunda rhizome divergence of root and frond traces. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 160
16-149 16-149t.jpg 16-149v.jpg 148 16-149h.jpg 2572 Osmunda rhizome root trace. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 162
16-153 16-153t.jpg 16-153v.jpg 135 16-153h.jpg 1678 Osmunda with mesarch xylem maturation in ectophloic dissected siphonostele (eustele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 163
16-156 16-156t.jpg 16-156v.jpg 153 16-156h.jpg 1342 Dicksonia rhizome "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 164
16-157 16-157t.jpg 16-157v.jpg 131 16-157h.jpg 1704 Dicksonia rhizome "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 165
16-154 16-154t.jpg 16-154v.jpg 191 16-154h.jpg 2289 Amphiphloic siphonostele showing divergence of root trace. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 166
16-158 16-158t.jpg 16-158v.jpg 172 16-158h.jpg 2553 Adiantum rhizome with diverging frond trace and true leaf gap. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 167
16-159 16-159t.jpg 16-159v.jpg 230 16-159h.jpg 1910 Polypodium rhizome with dissected amphiphloic siphonostele (dictyostele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 168
16-160 16-160t.jpg 16-160v.jpg 77 16-160h.jpg 1273 Polypodium rhizome with dissected amphiphloic siphonostele (dictyostele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 169
16-161 16-161t.jpg 16-161v.jpg 163 16-161h.jpg 1888 "Pteridium rhizome dissected dictyostele, which contains variegated meristeles, and many different stelar elements." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 170
16-162 16-162t.jpg 16-162v.jpg 258 16-162h.jpg 3457 Matonia rhizome with cyclic amphiphloic siphonostele (solenostele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 171
16-167 16-167t.jpg 16-167v.jpg 24 16-167h.jpg 99 Lygodium sporangium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 200
16-168 16-168t.jpg 16-168v.jpg 35 16-168h.jpg 133 Anemia mexicana sporangium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 201
16-169 16-169t.jpg 16-169v.jpg 39 16-169h.jpg 146 Hymenophyllum sorus "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 202
16-170 16-170t.jpg 16-170v.jpg 69 16-170h.jpg 246 Trichomanes sorus "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 203
16-171 16-171t.jpg 16-171v.jpg 23 16-171h.jpg 94 Trichomanes sporangium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 204
16-315 16-315t.jpg 16-315v.jpg 31 16-315h.jpg 127 Gleichenia sorus "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 205
16-316 16-316t.jpg 16-316v.jpg 28 16-316h.jpg 108 Trichomanes sporangia "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 206
16-314 16-314t.jpg 16-314v.jpg 66 16-314h.jpg 264 Trichomanes sporangia in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 207
16-248 16-248t.jpg 16-248v.jpg 39 16-248h.jpg 159 Osmunda sporangia in darkfield microscopy "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 208
16-247 16-247t.jpg 16-247v.jpg 78 16-247h.jpg 296 Osmunda sporangia & sorus in cross section "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 209
16-245 16-245t.jpg 16-245v.jpg 36 16-245h.jpg 151 Cyathea sporangia in darkfield microscopy "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 210
16-246 16-246t.jpg 16-246v.jpg 48 16-246h.jpg 177 Cyathea sporangia in cross section "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 211
16-249 16-249t.jpg 16-249v.jpg 58 16-249h.jpg 245 Onoclea sori are located on fertile pinnae "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 212
16-311 16-311t.jpg 16-311v.jpg 44 16-311h.jpg 178 Cyrtomium sporangia in darkfield microscopy "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 213
16-310 16-310t.jpg 16-310v.jpg 85 16-310h.jpg 322 Cyrtomium falcatum sorus with peltate indusium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 214
16-307 16-307t.jpg 16-307v.jpg 48 16-307h.jpg 202 Pteridium sporangia in cross section showing developmental stages "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 215
16-309 16-309t.jpg 16-309v.jpg 78 16-309h.jpg 287 Polypodium sorus showing sporangia at many developmental stages "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 216
16-308 16-308t.jpg 16-308v.jpg 21 16-308h.jpg 106 Polypodium sporangium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 217
16-306 16-306t.jpg 16-306v.jpg 135 16-306h.jpg 135 "Fern prothallus or gametophyte. Gametangia are present on the archegonial pad, beneath the apical notch and above rhizoids." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive" 230
16-305 16-305t.jpg 16-305v.jpg 272 16-305h.jpg 272 Fern archgonia on archegonial pad. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive" 231
16-303 16-303t.jpg 16-303v.jpg 226 16-303h.jpg 226 Fern antheridia beneath the apical notch. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive" 232
16-304 16-304t.jpg 16-304v.jpg 211 16-304h.jpg 211 Fern archegonia in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive" 233
16-302 16-302t.jpg 16-302v.jpg 120 16-302h.jpg 120 Fern antheridium with nearly mature sperm cells. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 234
16-178 16-178t.jpg 16-178v.jpg 187 16-178h.jpg 187 Fern embryo developing from an archegonium near the center of the gametophyte. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 235
16-335 16-335t.jpg 16-335v.jpg 59 16-335h.jpg 451
16-336 16-336t.jpg 16-336v.jpg 58 16-336h.jpg 427
16-337 16-337t.jpg 16-337v.jpg 59 16-337h.jpg 410
16-338 16-338t.jpg 16-338v.jpg 133 16-338h.jpg 446
16-339 16-339t.jpg 16-339v.jpg 81 16-339h.jpg 534
16-340 16-340t.jpg 16-340v.jpg 40 16-340h.jpg 148
16-341 16-341t.jpg 16-341v.jpg 96 16-341h.jpg 405
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