16-385 bryum1-t.jpg bryum1-v.jpg 72 bryum1-h.jpg 163 Bryum species with prostrate moss gametophyte and maturing sporophytic capsules. The capsules are complex, dominating the body of the sporophyte. Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, sporophyte, moss 0.1 Lab02
16-386 bryum2-t.jpg bryum2-v.jpg 59 bryum2-h.jpg 147 Bryum capsules form the sporophyte. The moss gametophyte is prostrate and individual plants are inconspicuous. Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, sporophyte, moss 0.2 Lab02
16-386 polytrichum-t.jpg polytrichum-v.jpg 91 polytrichum-h.jpg 209 Polytrichum species with emergent erect gametophyte. The sporophyte of this plant hydroids and leptoids -- moss analogs of xylem and phloem. Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, moss 0.3 Lab02
16-095 16-095t.jpg 16-095v.jpg 106 16-095h.jpg 533 Mnium antheridiaphore with protective leaves and rhizoids. This moss contains elongated slender antheridia that are largely exposed on the elevated antheridophore. Bryophyta, Bryales, antheridia 1 Lab02
16-094 16-094t.jpg 16-094v.jpg 249 16-094h.jpg 545 Mnium developing antheridia. The antheridia are at a diversity of different developmental stages on the antheridiophore from early spermatogenesis to sperm cell maturation. Bryophyta, Bryales, antheridia 2 Lab02
16-104 16-104t.jpg 16-104v.jpg 132 16-104h.jpg 538 Mnium archegoniophore provides protective leaves and rhizoids amid the developing archegonia of this moss. Archegonia range from maturity (see egg cell on the left), to quite imature stages. Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia 3 Lab02
16-103 16-103t.jpg 16-103v.jpg 129 16-103h.jpg 715 Mnium archegonium. Archegonia are highly elongated, with thick necks and elongated axial rows of numerous neck cells. This reflects a more primitive form of gametangia. Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia 4 Lab02
16-386 mnium-eggs-t.jpg mnium-eggs-v.jpg 79 mnium-eggs-h.jpg 220 Mnium archegonia. Two archegonia are evident here. The axial row, having begun degeneration, reflects a receptive egg. Note ventral canal cell in the right archegonium. Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss 4.01 Lab02
16-386 mnium-egg-redo-t.jpg mnium-egg-redo-v.jpg 82 mnium-egg-redo-h.jpg 228 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell as viewed using differential interference contrast microscopy. Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss 4.02 Lab02
16-386 mnium-egg-t.jpg mnium-egg-v.jpg 82 mnium-egg-h.jpg 228 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell. Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss 4.03 Lab02
16-386 moss-liverwort-t.jpg moss-liverwort-v.jpg 169 moss-liverwort-h.jpg 417 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell. Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, moss, thallose liverwort 4.1 Lab02
16-386 marchantia-gametophore-lawn-t.jpg marchantia-gametophore-lawn-v.jpg 140 marchantia-gametophore-lawn-h.jpg 313 Marchantia thallus with archegoniophores (lobed umbrellas) and antheridiophores (webbed umbrellas). Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort 4.2 Lab02
16-386 reboulia-t.jpg reboulia-v.jpg 47 reboulia-h.jpg 131 Reboulia archegoniophores appear largely similar to those of Marchantia. Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, thallose liverwort 4.21 Lab02
16-386 marchantia-gametophores-t.jpg marchantia-gametophores-v.jpg 81 marchantia-gametophores-h.jpg 193 Marchantia thallus with archegoniophores (lobed umbrellas) and antheridiophores (webbed umbrellas). Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort 4.3 Lab02
16-386 marchantia-gemma-t.jpg marchantia-gemma-v.jpg 56 marchantia-gemma-h.jpg 143 Marchantia thallus with gemma cups, contining the vegetative propagules called gemmae. Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort 4.4 Lab02
16-102 16-102t.jpg 16-102v.jpg 241 16-102h.jpg 642 Marchantia archegoniophore. Archegonia at a range of developmental stages are evident on the underside of the archegoniophore. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegoniophore 5 Lab02
16-093 16-093t.jpg 16-093v.jpg 208 16-093h.jpg 410 Marchantia mature antheridium. The sperm cells form in developmental merophytes (derivatives of the same cell lineage). The antheridia are retained within the antheridiophore. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, antheridia 5.5 Lab02
16-101 16-101t.jpg 16-101v.jpg 136 16-101h.jpg 608 Marchantia archegoniophore. Immature archegonia through fertilized archegonia are evident on the underside of the archegoniophore. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegoniophore 6 Lab02
16-100 16-100t.jpg 16-100v.jpg 102 16-100h.jpg 439 Marchantia developing archegonia. A gradation of archegonial stages are evident on teh underside of this archegoniophore. Note immature ventral canal cell and neck canal mother cell (right). Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia 7 Lab02
16-098 16-098t.jpg 16-098v.jpg 175 16-098h.jpg 2179 Marchantia archegonial stages. Note the archegonial initial to the left, 2-4 cell stage, to a fertilized archegonium on the right. Of what advantage would this strategy be? Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia 8 Lab02
16-099 16-099t.jpg 16-099v.jpg 220 16-099h.jpg 442 Marchantia mature archegonium. Note the large egg cell, ventral canal cell, neck canal cells and axial row. Prior to fertilization, the cells intervening between the cap cell and egg break down. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia 9 Lab02
16-097 16-097t.jpg 16-097v.jpg 87 16-097h.jpg 331 Marchantia archegonial stages. Note archegonial row initial (left). The central archegonium appears ready for fertilization. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia 10 Lab02
16-092 16-092t.jpg 16-092v.jpg 222 16-092h.jpg 442 Marchantia young sporophyte. This archegonium has been recently fertilized and is at about the 64 celled stage. The polarity of the sporophyte is poorly distinguished. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia 11 Lab02
16-096 16-096t.jpg 16-096v.jpg 285 16-096h.jpg 845 Marchantia mature archegonium. Note the large egg cell, ventral canal cell, and obliquely sectioned neck canal cells. A rhizoid is provides some protection. (Nomarski interference contrast microscopy) Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonium 11 Lab02
16-091 16-091t.jpg 16-091v.jpg 257 16-091h.jpg 485 Marchantia young sporophyte. This sporophyte is still located within the archegonium. Note the degerate material in the archegonial neck through which the sperm entered. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte 12 Lab02
16-090 16-090t.jpg 16-090v.jpg 133 16-090h.jpg 484 Marchantia young sporophyte. The foot, seta and developing capsule differentiate early in this differentiating sporophyte. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte 13 Lab02
16-089 16-089t.jpg 16-089v.jpg 111 16-089h.jpg 403 Marchantia young sporophyte. The foot, seta and developing capsule are evident in this differentiating sporophyte. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte 14 Lab02
16-088 16-088t.jpg 16-088v.jpg 163 16-088h.jpg 558 Marchantia maturing sporophyte. Spores are aligned parallel to elators within the capsule, shown here prior to their separation. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte 15 Lab02
16-087 16-087t.jpg 16-087v.jpg 103 16-087h.jpg 474 Marchantia mature sporophyte. The capsule is filled with spores and elators that aid dissemination. These hang, pendulous from the archegoniophore. Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte 16 Lab02
16-085 16-085t.jpg 16-085v.jpg 81 16-085h.jpg 631 Kidstone and Gwynne-Vaughn examining the fossils of the Rhynie chert, where Rhynia and many of the Rhyniophytes were discovered. Early Fossil Hunters 16.1 Lab04
16-083 16-083t.jpg 16-083v.jpg 89 16-083h.jpg 441 Cooksonia and Rhynia in a diorama of life 400 mya. Milwaukee Public Museum. Museum, Devonian, Rhyniophyta 16.2 Lab04
16-086 16-086t.jpg 16-086v.jpg 68 16-086h.jpg 271 Origin of Alternation of Generations is depicted in these two diagrams illustrating the isomorphic (homologous) and transformation (antithetic) models. Alternation of Generations 16.6 Lab04
16-080 16-080t.jpg 16-080v.jpg 110 16-080h.jpg 357 Lycopodium lucidulum shows indeterminate growth on all axes. Interrupted reproductive regions constitute poorly defined strobilar regions. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.0105 Lab06
16-076 16-076t.jpg 16-076v.jpg 102 16-076h.jpg 184 Lycopodium lucidulum showing interrupted strobilus, sporophylls nearly identical to microphylls. A propagule known as a bulbil is also visible. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.011 Lab06
16-075 16-075t.jpg 16-075v.jpg 163 16-075h.jpg 281 Lycopodium annotinum shows two microphyll morphologies, terminal strobili and determinate growth. Vilas County, Wisconsin. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.012 Lab06
16-071 16-071t.jpg 16-071v.jpg 193 16-071h.jpg 353 Lycopodium obscurum shows two microphyll morphologies, overtopped strobili. Vilas County, Wisconsin. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.013 Lab06
16-073 16-073t.jpg 16-073v.jpg 88 16-073h.jpg 293 Lycopodium clavatum shows three microphyll morphologies, multiple strobili and relatively great specialization. Vilas County, Wisconsin. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.014 Lab06
16-078 16-078t.jpg 16-078v.jpg 241 16-078h.jpg 442 Lycopodium sp. in Costa Rica, shows typical habit of an epiphytic lycopod. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.015 Lab06
16-077 16-077t.jpg 16-077v.jpg 196 16-077h.jpg 337 Lycopodium squarrosum showing epiphytic, tropical habit. Photo taken at Australian National Botanical Garden, Canberra. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.016 Lab06
16-079 16-079t.jpg 16-079v.jpg 148 16-079h.jpg 272 Lycopodium phlegmaria showing epiphytic, tropical habit. Photo taken at Australian National Botanical Garden, Canberra. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.017 Lab06
16-070 16-070t.jpg 16-070v.jpg 107 16-070h.jpg 343 Lycopodium adpressum apical meristem with apical cell. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.02 Lab06
16-072 16-072t.jpg 16-072v.jpg 166 16-072h.jpg 341 Lycopodium inundatum rhizome with conspicuous leaf traces, exarch maturation. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.031 Lab06
16-074 16-074t.jpg 16-074v.jpg 178 16-074h.jpg 558 Lycopodium clavatum rhizome cross section showing an impressive plectostele, leaf traces and sclerified cortical sheath. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.032 Lab06
16-069 16-069t.jpg 16-069v.jpg 195 16-069h.jpg 580 Lycopodium obscurum plectostele. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.033 Lab06
16-061 16-061t.jpg 16-061v.jpg 125 16-061h.jpg 410 Lycopodium lucidulum bulbil viewed in longitudinal section, showing subtending leaf, as well as shoot and root apices. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte 17.04 Lab06
16-059 16-059t.jpg 16-059v.jpg 109 16-059h.jpg 2109 Lycopodium sporangial initials are characteristic of the eusporangiate development. Note the axial origin of the sporangium. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangial ontogeny 18 Lab07
16-058 16-058t.jpg 16-058v.jpg 111 16-058h.jpg 1830 Lycopodium sporangial development. This eusporangium is in early development. Note the origin of layering -- an early stage in formation of the sporangial wall. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangial ontogeny 18.1 Lab07
16-057 16-057t.jpg 16-057v.jpg 213 16-057h.jpg 1664 Lycopodium later sporangial development. Sporogenous tissue becomes conspicuous by greater cytoplasmic density and accumulation of dense nuclei. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis 19 Lab07
16-056 16-056t.jpg 16-056v.jpg 177 16-056h.jpg 1144 Lycopodium late sporangial development. Sporogenous tissue is quite well defined at this stage. The thick walls surrounding developing sporocytes is characteristic. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis 20 Lab07
16-055 16-055t.jpg 16-055v.jpg 102 16-055h.jpg 1667 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis I. Sporocytes having completed meiosis are now spores, still present in tetrads. Note tapetum and thickness of sporangial wall. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis 21 Lab07
16-054 16-054t.jpg 16-054v.jpg 84 16-054h.jpg 1506 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis II. Post-meiotic spores remain in tetrads in this image. Tapetal cells are found among the sporocytes at this stage. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis 22 Lab07
16-053 16-053t.jpg 16-053v.jpg 102 16-053h.jpg 1587 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis III. Spores separate and exine walls mature at this stage. Tapetal cells found among the sporocytes are beginning to break down. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis 23 Lab07
16-052 16-052t.jpg 16-052v.jpg 116 16-052h.jpg 1968 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis IV. Exine completes maturation, trilete marks occasionally evident. Tapetal cells, found among the sporocytes, continue to break down. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis 24 Lab07
16-051 16-051t.jpg 16-051v.jpg 116 16-051h.jpg 1534 Lycopodium mature eusporangium. Spores increase in density as they accumulate food stores. Tapetum breaks down in preparation for dehiscence. Note laminar location of sporangial attachment. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium 25 Lab07
16-050 16-050t.jpg 16-050v.jpg 258 16-050h.jpg 1938 Lycopodium lucidulum mature eusporangium. Note the axillary location of sporangial attachment. This is characteristic of some of the less derived of the Lycopodiaceae. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium 26 Lab07
16-049 16-049t.jpg 16-049v.jpg 129 16-049h.jpg 1990 Lycopodium obscurum mature eusporangium. The laminar location of sporangial attachment on the sporophyll is characteristic of more advanced species. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium 27 Lab07
16-060 16-060t.jpg 16-060v.jpg 193 16-060h.jpg 347 Phylloglossum drummondii tuber and shoot apex. This diminutive relative of Lycopodium is quite rare. Slide made at University of Oklahoma. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, tuber 28 Lab07
16-048 16-048t.jpg 16-048v.jpg 299 16-048h.jpg 1878 Phylloglossum drummondii stobilus. This image of this unusual plant shows a longitudinal section of the cone with a wide range of stages of sporogenesis. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangia 29 Lab07
16-047 16-047t.jpg 16-047v.jpg 103 16-047h.jpg 1912 Lycopodium gametophyte with mature antheridia, which are are embedded in the gametophyte. Antheridia are typically on the underside of the gametophyte. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, antheridia 30 Lab07
16-046 16-046t.jpg 16-046v.jpg 130 16-046h.jpg 1975 Lycopodium gametophyte with endophytic fungus, characteristic of the slowest growing Lycopod gametophytes. Gametophytes of some species may require up to 7 years to mature. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte 31 Lab07
16-044 16-044t.jpg 16-044v.jpg 128 16-044h.jpg 2030 Lycopodium gametophyte with archegonia show the onset of the sexual phase of this long-lived plant. Note the axial row present in the archegonial neck. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, archegonium, embryogenesis 32 Lab07
16-045 16-045t.jpg 16-045v.jpg 120 16-045h.jpg 2027 Lycopodium gametophyte with mature archegonia showing the axial row in the archegonial neck, ventral canal cell and interior egg cell. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, archegonium 33 Lab07
16-043 16-043t.jpg 16-043v.jpg 209 16-043h.jpg 1658 Lycopodium embryogenesis shows a high diversity of different embryogenetic pathways, which is presumed to be a primitive characteristic. The classical embryo is endoscopic, with the suspensor located under the archegonial neck and the shoot emerging laterally. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis 34 Lab07
16-lycopo lycopodium-1-t.jpg lycopodium-1-v.jpg 180 lycopodium-1-h.jpg 740 Lycopodium embryogenesis shows a diversity of embryogenetic pathways, a presumed primitive characteristic. From Wardlaw (1955). Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis 34 Lab07
16-042 16-042t.jpg 16-042v.jpg 125 16-042h.jpg 2025 Lycopodium embryogenesis showing young leaves of this plant. The embryo is endoscopic, with suspensor located under archegonial neck and shoot emerging laterally. Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis 35 Lab07
16-lycopo lycopodium-2-t.jpg lycopodium-2-v.jpg 174 lycopodium-2-h.jpg 669 Embryogenesis in Lycopodium cernuum & L. laterale showing young leaves of this plant. From Wardlaw (1955). Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis 35 Lab07
16-067 16-067t.jpg 16-067v.jpg 112 16-067h.jpg 366 Selaginella krausiana anisotomous branching. Although the shoot apex undergoes dichotomous branching, overtopping results in anisotomy and a pseudomonopodial appearance in the plant habit. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, shoot apex, dichotomous branching 35.01 Lab06
16-041 16-041t.jpg 16-041v.jpg 243 16-041h.jpg 1726 Selaginella shoot apex. Branching of the apex is dichotomous, but one axis tends to overtop the other (anisotomous) resulting in pseudomonopodial branching. The vascular cylinder is suspended by trabeculae in mature regions of the axis. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, shoot apex, dichotomous branching 35.02 Lab06
16-066 16-066t.jpg 16-066v.jpg 98 16-066h.jpg 407 Selaginella apical meristem with apical cell at the tip. Note leaf primordia and young leaves. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte 35.51 Lab06
16-064 16-064t.jpg 16-064v.jpg 123 16-064h.jpg 399 Selaginella rhizome. Note meristeles are located in schizogenous chambers within the stem. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte 35.52 Lab06
16-065 16-065t.jpg 16-065v.jpg 126 16-065h.jpg 370 Selaginella rhizome showing a meristele with a plate of xylem. Note trabeculae and Casparian strips indicative of endodermis. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte 35.53 Lab06
16-063 16-063t.jpg 16-063v.jpg 81 16-063h.jpg 272 Selaginella root with two vascular bundles, presumably close to a dichotomy. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte 35.57 Lab06
16-068 16-068t.jpg 16-068v.jpg 148 16-068h.jpg 402 Selaginella root with two vascular bundles, presumably close to a dichotomy. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte 35.58 Lab06
16-062 16-062t.jpg 16-062v.jpg 127 16-062h.jpg 385 Selaginella rhizophore resembles both stems and roots to some degree. Created by an angle meristem in dichotomies, these are enigmatic organs. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte 35.59 Lab06
16-037 16-037t.jpg 16-037v.jpg 209 16-037h.jpg 356 Selaginella strobilar axis with adjacent newly initiated and maturing megasporangium and ligule. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium 37 Lab07
16-038 16-038t.jpg 16-038v.jpg 96 16-038h.jpg 349 Selaginella microsporangium within a microsporophyll. A ligule is quite conspicuous subtending the microsporangium. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium 38 Lab07
16-040 16-040t.jpg 16-040v.jpg 128 16-040h.jpg 2339 Selaginella microsporangium with numerous microspores within. Note the layering of the eusporangium. Does this appear to be close to dehiscence? Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium 39 Lab07
16-039 16-039t.jpg 16-039v.jpg 137 16-039h.jpg 399 Selaginella microsporangium and microspores. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium 40 Lab07
16-036 16-036t.jpg 16-036v.jpg 170 16-036h.jpg 286 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. A ligule is quite conspicous subtending the megasporangium. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium 41 Lab07
16-035 16-035t.jpg 16-035v.jpg 185 16-035h.jpg 329 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium 42 Lab07
16-034 16-034t.jpg 16-034v.jpg 60 16-034h.jpg 246 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium 43 Lab07
16-033 16-033t.jpg 16-033v.jpg 250 16-033h.jpg 440 Selaginella megaspores are evident in two adjacent megasporangia. Note the velum and sporophylls. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium 44 Lab07
16-032 16-032t.jpg 16-032v.jpg 146 16-032h.jpg 461 Selaginella megaspores in the megasporangium. Microgametogenesis has progressed to near maturity. It is unclear whether the trilete mark has split, but it may have already germinated. Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium 45 Lab07
16-selagi selaginella-1-t.jpg selaginella-1-v.jpg 139 selaginella-1-h.jpg 511 Embryogenesis in Selaginella from Wardlaw (1955). Lycophyta, Selaginellales, embryogenesis 45.1 Lab07
16-selagi selaginella-2-t.jpg selaginella-2-v.jpg 143 selaginella-2-h.jpg 613 Embryogenesis in Selaginella from Wardlaw (1955). Lycophyta, Selaginellales, embryogenesis 45.2 Lab07
16-selagi selaginella-3-t.jpg selaginella-3-v.jpg 132 selaginella-3-h.jpg 510 Embryogenesis in Selaginella from Wardlaw (1955). Lycophyta, Selaginellales, embryogenesis 45.3 Lab07
16-selagi selaginella-4-t.jpg selaginella-4-v.jpg 162 selaginella-4-h.jpg 686 Embryogenesis in Selaginella from Wardlaw (1955). Lycophyta, Selaginellales, embryogenesis 45.4 Lab07
16-031 16-031t.jpg 16-031v.jpg 198 16-031h.jpg 344 Isoetes storkii plant in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit 46 Lab08
16-030 16-030t.jpg 16-030v.jpg 94 16-030h.jpg 317 Isoetes storkii in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit 47 Lab08
16-029 16-029t.jpg 16-029v.jpg 157 16-029h.jpg 535 Isoetes storkii in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit 48 Lab08
16-028 16-028t.jpg 16-028v.jpg 328 16-028h.jpg 616 Isoetes storkii found in nature. Roy Lent holds a species of Isoetes over the water in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit 49 Lab08
16-027 16-027t.jpg 16-027v.jpg 441 16-027h.jpg 899 Isoetes median saggital section showing microphylls, apical meristem, anchor-shaped vascular core and traces (leaf and root). Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis 50 Lab08
16-026 16-026t.jpg 16-026v.jpg 174 16-026h.jpg 768 Isoetes median saggital section showing surmounting microphylls, apical meristem, anchor-shaped vascular core (characteristic of a sagittal section and traces (leaf and root). Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis, root apex 51 Lab08
16-025 16-025t.jpg 16-025v.jpg 382 16-025h.jpg 666 Isoetes median frontal section showing surmounting microphylls, apical meristem, vascular core and traces (leaf and root). Note prismatic zone. Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis 52 Lab08
16-024 16-024t.jpg 16-024v.jpg 372 16-024h.jpg 695 Isoetes corm in longitudinal section showing the vascular attachment of the roots and their endogenous origin from the root apical region from the central vascular core. Lycophyta, Isoetales 53 Lab08
16-023 16-023t.jpg 16-023v.jpg 198 16-023h.jpg 706 Isoetes corm in cross section. The protostele of this plant is indeed unusually loose. A unifacial cambium forms parenchyma cells and some xylem tracheids. Lycophyta, Isoetales 54 Lab08
16-022 16-022t.jpg 16-022v.jpg 185 16-022h.jpg 589 Isoetes corm in cross section. This is the basal portion of the corm showing diverging root traces. Lycophyta, Isoetales 55 Lab08
16-021 16-021t.jpg 16-021v.jpg 188 16-021h.jpg 644 Isoetes corm in cross section. Note the unifacial cambium creating the prismatic zone. The cambium primarily gives rise to parenchyma. Lycophyta, Isoetales 56 Lab08
16-020 16-020t.jpg 16-020v.jpg 162 16-020h.jpg 663 Isoetes corm in cross section. This unusual corm had three lobes. The center shows its Y-shaped furrow. Lycophyta, Isoetales 57 Lab08
16-019 16-019t.jpg 16-019v.jpg 413 16-019h.jpg 842 Isoetes corm viewed by basal section showing the ranked rhizotaxis of the roots. Although the roots arise endogenously, it is unusual to have such regular spacings. Lycophyta, Isoetales, rhizotaxis 58 Lab08
16-018 16-018t.jpg 16-018v.jpg 288 16-018h.jpg 541 Isoetes ligule in cross section is present above the sporangium. Its function is still unclear, even though it is considered to be a characteristic structure of the heterosporous lycopods. Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis 59 Lab08
16-017 16-017t.jpg 16-017v.jpg 102 16-017h.jpg 316 Isoetes root cross section. This unusual tubular structure with an eccentric positioning of the trace is also characteristic of the roots of the extinct plant Stigmaria. Lycophyta, Isoetales, Stigmarian root 60 Lab08
16-016 16-016t.jpg 16-016v.jpg 108 16-016h.jpg 389 Isoetes root cross section. This possesses an almost trabecular connection of the root trace. The unusual tubular structure resembles the leaves in some ways. Lycophyta, Isoetales, Stigmarian root 61 Lab08
16-015 16-015t.jpg 16-015v.jpg 127 16-015h.jpg 280 Isoetes leaf cross section showing the four-chamber nature of the distal part of the leaf. Typical of a microphyllous plant, there is a single trace in the leaf. Lycophyta, Isoetales, leaf 62 Lab08
16-014 16-014t.jpg 16-014v.jpg 345 16-014h.jpg 671 Isoetes median longitudinal section showing the vascular supply to the maturing sporophylls very nicely. The apical meristem surmounts the vascular core that is located beneath. Note the conspicuous loosely-organized primary xylem. Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis 63 Lab08
16-013 16-013t.jpg 16-013v.jpg 169 16-013h.jpg 726 Isoetes median longitudinal section showing immature microphylls and apical meristem. The vascular core is located beneath, with primary xylem conspicuous in this view. Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis 64 Lab08
16-012 16-012t.jpg 16-012v.jpg 324 16-012h.jpg 695 Isoetes median longitudinal section showing an early eusporangium developing on the surface of the sporophyll and the apical meristem closeby. Sporophylls protect the apical region. Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis 65 Lab08
16-011 16-011t.jpg 16-011v.jpg 349 16-011h.jpg 648 Isoetes median longitudinal section showing maturing sporophylls, the apical meristem, and the underlying corm, with its unusual vascular cambium region. Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis 66 Lab08
16-010 16-010t.jpg 16-010v.jpg 316 16-010h.jpg 568 Isoetes microsporangium containing maturing microspores that are located among the trabecular process of the sporangium. Lycophyta, Isoetales, microsporangium 67 Lab08
16-009 16-009t.jpg 16-009v.jpg 330 16-009h.jpg 577 Isoetes microsporangium containing maturing microspores that are located among the trabecular process of the sporangium. Lycophyta, Isoetales, microsporangium 68 Lab08
16-008 16-008t.jpg 16-008v.jpg 284 16-008h.jpg 548 Isoetes megasporophyll with ligule. Although the function of the ligule is not clear, it is characteristic and contains an endodermal layer, suggesting secretory involvement. Many megaspores are evident. Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium 69 Lab08
16-007 16-007t.jpg 16-007v.jpg 232 16-007h.jpg 391 Isoetes megasporangium containing maturing megaspores, prior to the filling of the cytoplasm. Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium 70 Lab08
16-006 16-006t.jpg 16-006v.jpg 131 16-006h.jpg 493 Isoetes megasporangium containing maturing megaspores. In Isoetes the spores often have multiple nuclei, indicating that these are in early megagametogenesis. Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium, microsporangium 71 Lab08
16-005 16-005t.jpg 16-005v.jpg 181 16-005h.jpg 339 Isoetes megasporangium containing megaspores with early stage megagametophytes. Retension and provisioning of the megaspores shows increased of gametophytic tissues. Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium 72 Lab08
16-004 16-004t.jpg 16-004v.jpg 91 16-004h.jpg 311 Isoetes megagametophyte soon after germination. Swelling of gametophytic tissue occurs along the trilete mark. At this location and along these grooves, archegonia form that will be fertilized by motile sperm, if present. Lycophyta, Isoetales, gametogenesis 73 Lab08
16-003 16-003t.jpg 16-003v.jpg 146 16-003h.jpg 252 Isoetes embryogenesis. Inclined exoscopic embryo gives rise to shoot, leaf, root and foot. Shoot emerges through wall of the gametophyte to establish the young sporophyte. From Wardlaw (1955), p. 119. Lycophyta, Isoetales, embryogenesis 74 Lab08
16-isoete isoetes-t.jpg isoetes-v.jpg 130 isoetes-h.jpg 505 Embryogenesis in Isoetes from Wardlaw (1955). Lycophyta, Isoetales, embryogenesis 74 Lab08
16-equisetum equisetum-t.jpg equisetum-v.jpg 23 equisetum-h.jpg 23 Equisetum hyemale reproductive/vegetative shoot. An intermediate morphological pattern. Courtesy Cals Plant-of-the-Week Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 74.5 Lab09
16-002 16-002t.jpg 16-002v.jpg 46 16-002h.jpg 152 Equisetum arvense reproductive and vegetative shoots. Sporangiophores are readily visible in the strobilus, as is the basal annulus. Photo taken in May in Bayside, Wisconsin Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 75 Lab09
16-001 16-001t.jpg 16-001v.jpg 62 16-001h.jpg 198 Equisetum arvense with dimorphic aerial shoots. Reproductive shoots with strobili reach maturity as vegetative axes are becoming conspicuous. Photo taken in May in Bayside, Wisconsin Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 76 Lab09
16-211 16-211t.jpg 16-211v.jpg 52 16-211h.jpg 113 Equisetum arvense. Young aerial stem with elongating lateral branches piercing base of microphylls Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 80 Lab09
16-210 16-210t.jpg 16-210v.jpg 77 16-210h.jpg 168 Equisetum giganteum in Costa Rica, co-starring Roy Lent. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 81 Lab09
16-209 16-209t.jpg 16-209v.jpg 78 16-209h.jpg 287 Equisetum arvense aerial stem cross-section. This is the sterile stem, showing carinal and vallecular canals, ribs. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 82 Lab09
16-208 16-208t.jpg 16-208v.jpg 41 16-208h.jpg 172 Equisetum arvense shoot apex cross section of apex and lateral branches, showing cortical ribs and fused microphyllous leaves. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 83 Lab09
16-207 16-207t.jpg 16-207v.jpg 67 16-207h.jpg 229 Equisetum intermedium stem showing highly silicified rib. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 84 Lab09
16-206 16-206t.jpg 16-206v.jpg 34 16-206h.jpg 149 Equisetum arvense stem cross section at the node, showing lateral branch apices located opposite the leaf midribs. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 85 Lab09
16-205 16-205t.jpg 16-205v.jpg 76 16-205h.jpg 247 Equisetum hyamale vascular bundle in rhizome. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 86 Lab09
16-204 16-204t.jpg 16-204v.jpg 48 16-204h.jpg 174 Equisetum stem with carinal and vallecular canals. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 87 Lab09
16-203 16-203t.jpg 16-203v.jpg 44 16-203h.jpg 150 Equisetum intermedium vascular bundle in aerial stem. Note location of the endodermis. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 88 Lab09
16-202 16-202t.jpg 16-202v.jpg 41 16-202h.jpg 147 Equisetum hyamale endodermis with conspicuous Casparian strips. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 89 Lab09
16-201 16-201t.jpg 16-201v.jpg 85 16-201h.jpg 311 Equisetum arvense nodal region. Note interruption of vallecular canals, pith opening. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 90 Lab09
16-200 16-200t.jpg 16-200v.jpg 62 16-200h.jpg 242 Equisetum branch before emergence through the leaf sheath, as viewed in median longitudinal section. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 91 Lab09
16-199 16-199t.jpg 16-199v.jpg 51 16-199h.jpg 200 Equisetum intermedium young root, showing canal system and central vasculature. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 92 Lab09
16-198 16-198t.jpg 16-198v.jpg 70 16-198h.jpg 266 Equisetum intermedium older root vasculature Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 93 Lab09
16-197 16-197t.jpg 16-197v.jpg 50 16-197h.jpg 193 Equisetum intermedium vascular bundle, showing carinal canal, protoxylem, metaxylem, phloem. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 94 Lab09
16-196 16-196t.jpg 16-196v.jpg 62 16-196h.jpg 225 Equisetum intermedium another root Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 95 Lab09
16-195 16-195t.jpg 16-195v.jpg 48 16-195h.jpg 174 Equisetum intermedium lateral root formation. Note the prominent apical cell and relative position of different cell layers. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 96 Lab09
16-194 16-194t.jpg 16-194v.jpg 76 16-194h.jpg 313 Equisetum root apex, showing apical cell, root axis and root cap. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 97 Lab09
16-193 16-193t.jpg 16-193v.jpg 47 16-193h.jpg 194 Equisetum root apex shown at higher magnification, showing the four cutting faces of apical cell. Its derivatives are evident in root axis and root cap. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 98 Lab09
16-192 16-192t.jpg 16-192v.jpg 48 16-192h.jpg 202 Equisetum shoot apex, showing apical cell, merophytes and pattern of leaf initiation. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 99 Lab09
16-191 16-191t.jpg 16-191v.jpg 58 16-191h.jpg 202 Equisetum sporangium with mature spores and elators. Note structure of endothecial thickenings and cell layers in sporangial wall. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 100 Lab09
16-190 16-190t.jpg 16-190v.jpg 66 16-190h.jpg 274 Equisetum sporangiophore, innervated with central vascular bundle, visible here. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte 101 Lab09
16-189 16-189t.jpg 16-189v.jpg 32 16-189h.jpg 146 Equisetum gametophyte with antheridia. Note rhizoids and marginal placement of gametangia. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 102 Lab09
16-188 16-188t.jpg 16-188v.jpg 70 16-188h.jpg 262 Equisetum gametophyte showing the organization of the prothallus tissue. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 103 Lab09
16-187 16-187t.jpg 16-187v.jpg 54 16-187h.jpg 212 Equisetum antheridium at near maturity. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 104 Lab09
16-186 16-186t.jpg 16-186v.jpg 54 16-186h.jpg 210 Equisetum antheridium at near maturity. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 105 Lab09
16-185 16-185t.jpg 16-185v.jpg 62 16-185h.jpg 246 Equisetum antheridium nearly at maturity. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 106 Lab09
16-184 16-184t.jpg 16-184v.jpg 54 16-184h.jpg 240 Equisetum antheridium near maturity. Note the single-cell layer forming the operculum through which the sperm cells are released. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 107 Lab09
16-183 16-183t.jpg 16-183v.jpg 59 16-183h.jpg 258 Equisetum gametophyte showing placement of archegonia and antheridis Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 108 Lab09
16-182 16-182t.jpg 16-182v.jpg 49 16-182h.jpg 197 Equisetum anteridia with nearly mature sperm cells. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 109 Lab09
16-181 16-181t.jpg 16-181v.jpg 50 16-181h.jpg 196 Equisetum archegonia with eggs Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 110 Lab09
16-180 16-180t.jpg 16-180v.jpg 47 16-180h.jpg 189 Equisetum embryo during early development. Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte 111 Lab09
16-179 16-179t.jpg 16-179v.jpg 84 16-179h.jpg 558 Equiseturm maturing embryo with protective leaves surrounding the apex. 111.1 Lab09
16-equise equisetum-embryo-t.jpg equisetum-embryo-v.jpg 152 equisetum-embryo-h.jpg 538 Embryogenesis in Equisetum from Wardlaw (1954). Sphenophyta, Equisetales, embryogenesis 111.2 Lab09
16-082 16-082t.jpg 16-082v.jpg 67 16-082h.jpg 411 Zosterophyllophyte in the Devonian. Strobili consist of reniform sporangia on short laterals, and increasing vegetative complexity. Museum, Devonian, Zosterophyllophyta 119 Lab10
16-081 16-081t.jpg 16-081v.jpg 213 16-081h.jpg 435 Psilophyton princeps, a Trimerophyte. Plants in this group are believed to be the source of most vascular land plants. Museum, Devonian, Trimerophyta 120 Lab10
16-084 16-084t.jpg 16-084v.jpg 109 16-084h.jpg 472 Reconstruction of a Devonian scene. A diorama by the Milwaukee Public Museum. Museum, Devonian 121 Lab10
16-105 16-105t.jpg 16-105v.jpg 157 16-105h.jpg 2151 Botrychium rhizome displaying secondary xylem. Note fibrous matrix with leaf and root traces. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 122 Lab12
16-106 16-106t.jpg 16-106v.jpg 124 16-106h.jpg 1484 Botrychium rhizome periderm, a secondary tissue that replaces the epidermis. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 123 Lab12
16-107 16-107t.jpg 16-107v.jpg 143 16-107h.jpg 1764 Botrychium rhizome vascular cambium and secondary xylem. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 124 Lab12
16-108 16-108t.jpg 16-108v.jpg 183 16-108h.jpg 2184 Botrychium stipe showing the vasculature of the fertile (lower) and sterile (upper) pinnae. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 125 Lab12
16-109 16-109t.jpg 16-109v.jpg 159 16-109h.jpg 985 Botrychium root showing general morphology and central protostele. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 126 Lab12
16-110 16-110t.jpg 16-110v.jpg 170 16-110h.jpg 1901 Botrychium root vascular core showing central stele. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 127 Lab12
16-111 16-111t.jpg 16-111v.jpg 110 16-111h.jpg 1579 Botrychium sporangium during late sporogenesis, showing its eusporangiate nature. Note tapetum and early post-meiotic spores. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 128 Lab12
16-112 16-112t.jpg 16-112v.jpg 133 16-112h.jpg 1461 Botrychium sporagium nearing maturity. Spores dry as they near dispersal. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 129 Lab12
16-113 16-113t.jpg 16-113v.jpg 142 16-113h.jpg 1627 Botrychium gametophyte displaying a layer of endophytic fungus. Gametangia develop on the underside. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 130 Lab12
16-114 16-114t.jpg 16-114v.jpg 138 16-114h.jpg 1663 Botrychium gametophyte with antheridia at different developmental stages and archegonia nearby. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 131 Lab12
16-115 16-115t.jpg 16-115v.jpg 158 16-115h.jpg 1629 Botrychium shoot apex with multiple layers of foliar units developing from the inside. Only one foliar unit matures each year. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 132 Lab12
16-116 16-116t.jpg 16-116v.jpg 126 16-116h.jpg 1662 Botrychium stipe showing departure of fertile vasculature. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium 133 Lab12
16-117 16-117t.jpg 16-117v.jpg 119 16-117h.jpg 890 Ophioglossum stipe showing vaculature of the foliar unit. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum 134 Lab12
16-118 16-118t.jpg 16-118v.jpg 114 16-118h.jpg 1451 Ophioglossum fertile spike showing synangiate eusporangia and connective material in cross section. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum 135 Lab12
16-119 16-119t.jpg 16-119v.jpg 163 16-119h.jpg 1239 Ophioglossum fertile spike showing synangiate eusporangia and vasculature in longitudinal section. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum 136 Lab12
16-120 16-120t.jpg 16-120v.jpg 154 16-120h.jpg 1742 Ophioglossum eusporangium showing maturing spores, sporangial walls and tapetum. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum 137 Lab12
16-121 16-121t.jpg 16-121v.jpg 144 16-121h.jpg 1649 Ophioglossum root showing general morphology. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum 138 Lab12
16-122 16-122t.jpg 16-122v.jpg 200 16-122h.jpg 2005 Helminthostachys rhizome showing secondary growth and vascular cambium. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Helminthostachys 139 Lab12
16-123 16-123t.jpg 16-123v.jpg 204 16-123h.jpg 1999 Helminthostachys root showing stelar organization and cortex. Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Helminthostachys 140 Lab12
16-124 16-124t.jpg 16-124v.jpg 154 16-124h.jpg 481 Angiopteris plant showing large fronds and pinnae (taken in Tahiti). Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 141 Lab12
16-125 16-125t.jpg 16-125v.jpg 97 16-125h.jpg 1120 Angiopteris rhizome showing the base of its large fronds and clasping stipules. Multiple aphlebiae are evident on the stipe. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 142 Lab12
16-126 16-126t.jpg 16-126v.jpg 82 16-126h.jpg 1265 Angiopteris rhizome is vertical, massive and usually quite slow growing. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 143 Lab12
16-127 16-127t.jpg 16-127v.jpg 252 16-127h.jpg 3072 Angiopteris root vasculature and stelar structure. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 144 Lab12
16-128 16-128t.jpg 16-128v.jpg 230 16-128h.jpg 2926 Angiopteris root vasculature and stelar structure in cross section. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 145 Lab12
16-129 16-129t.jpg 16-129v.jpg 162 16-129h.jpg 2376 Angiopteris root vasculature and stele in longitudinal section. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 146 Lab12
16-130 16-130t.jpg 16-130v.jpg 139 16-130h.jpg 1148 Angiopteris root detail showing weak secondary vasculature and cortical interface in cross section. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 147 Lab12
16-131 16-131t.jpg 16-131v.jpg 83 16-131h.jpg 1083 Angiopteris sporangia showing the separate nature of their eusporangia. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 148 Lab12
16-132 16-132t.jpg 16-132v.jpg 123 16-132h.jpg 1297 Angiopteris sporangia showing separation at the base of the eusporangia. Dehiscence line is longitudinal. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris 149 Lab12
16-133 16-133t.jpg 16-133v.jpg 77 16-133h.jpg 1089 Danea synangium showing abaxial laterally fused eusporangia. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Danea 150 Lab12
16-134 16-134t.jpg 16-134v.jpg 119 16-134h.jpg 1282 Danea synangium with lateral fusion of eusporangia and abaxial line of dehiscence. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Danea 151 Lab12
16-135 16-135t.jpg 16-135v.jpg 142 16-135h.jpg 1468 Marattia synangium in longitudinal section with internally opening lines of dehiscence of the eusporangia. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Marattia 152 Lab12
16-136 16-136t.jpg 16-136v.jpg 119 16-136h.jpg 1377 Marattia synangium in cross section. Sori are fused and separated from the abaxial surface of the frond. The unusual internally dehiscent eusporangia are evident. Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Marattia 153 Lab12
16-163 16-163t.jpg 16-163v.jpg 111 16-163h.jpg 1131 Gleichenia sp. Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.01 Lab13
16-164 16-164t.jpg 16-164v.jpg 81 16-164h.jpg 876 Asplenium nidis - bird's nest fern Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.02 Lab13
16-144 16-144t.jpg 16-144v.jpg 148 16-144h.jpg 1814 Circinate vernation of fronds is typical of ferns and may occur in several orders of pinnae. Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.19 Lab13
16-137 16-137t.jpg 16-137v.jpg 198 16-137h.jpg 1442 Tree fern apex showing developing frond. Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.2 Lab13
16-138 16-138t.jpg 16-138v.jpg 70 16-138h.jpg 1111 Frond organization is composed of often repeating elements of fractal-like nature. Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.2 Lab13
16-139 16-139t.jpg 16-139v.jpg 275 16-139h.jpg 2275 Dicksonia antarctica in Australia Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.2 Lab13
16-140 16-140t.jpg 16-140v.jpg 260 16-140h.jpg 1447 Dicksonia antarctica in Australia Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.2 Lab13
16-141 16-141t.jpg 16-141v.jpg 134 16-141h.jpg 1791 Tree fern shoot apex showing frond maturation Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.2 Lab13
16-142 16-142t.jpg 16-142v.jpg 257 16-142h.jpg 2876 Dicksonia antarctica may become as tall as 4-5 meters (to 18 feet). Fronds are often a meter or longer Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit, ecology 153.2 Lab13
16-143 16-143t.jpg 16-143v.jpg 331 16-143h.jpg 3248 Tree fern forest in New Zealand temperate rain forest. Tree ferns may dominate the understory. Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit, ecology 153.29 Lab13
16-165 16-165t.jpg 16-165v.jpg 136 16-165h.jpg 1988 Cyathea dealbata - Ponga, Silver Tree Fern is a native tree fern of New Zealand. Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.3 Lab13
16-166 16-166t.jpg 16-166v.jpg 84 16-166h.jpg 366 Dicksonia antarctica - tree fern, taken at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve, Australian Capital Territory near Canberra. Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit 153.3 Lab13
16-147 16-147t.jpg 16-147v.jpg 149 16-147h.jpg 1963 Lygodium rhizome showing the stele and fibrous cortical cells. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 154 Lab13
16-146 16-146t.jpg 16-146v.jpg 157 16-146h.jpg 1875 Lygodium rhizome medullated (or vitalized) protostele. Note the parenchyma cells amid the tracheids. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 155 Lab13
16-145 16-145t.jpg 16-145v.jpg 213 16-145h.jpg 3738 Gleichenia rhizome with medullated protostele. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 156 Lab13
16-155 16-155t.jpg 16-155v.jpg 144 16-155h.jpg 1544 Gleichenia rhizome showing divergence of presumed root trace. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 157 Lab13
16-151 16-151t.jpg 16-151v.jpg 160 16-151h.jpg 1818 Osmunda rhizome with ectophloic dissected siphonostele (eustele). Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 158 Lab13
16-152 16-152t.jpg 16-152v.jpg 105 16-152h.jpg 1578 Osmunda eustele with mesarch maturation. Pteridophyta, Filicales, vegetative 158.5 Lab13
16-150 16-150t.jpg 16-150v.jpg 133 16-150h.jpg 2028 Osmunda rhizome divergence of root and frond traces. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 159 Lab13
16-148 16-148t.jpg 16-148v.jpg 162 16-148h.jpg 2122 Osmunda rhizome divergence of leaf trace, forming leaf gap. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 160 Lab13
16-149 16-149t.jpg 16-149v.jpg 148 16-149h.jpg 2572 Osmunda rhizome root trace. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 162 Lab13
16-153 16-153t.jpg 16-153v.jpg 135 16-153h.jpg 1678 Osmunda with mesarch xylem maturation in ectophloic dissected siphonostele (eustele). Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 163 Lab13
16-156 16-156t.jpg 16-156v.jpg 153 16-156h.jpg 1342 Dicksonia rhizome Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 164 Lab13
16-157 16-157t.jpg 16-157v.jpg 131 16-157h.jpg 1704 Dicksonia rhizome Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 165 Lab13
16-154 16-154t.jpg 16-154v.jpg 191 16-154h.jpg 2289 Amphiphloic siphonostele showing divergence of root trace. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 166 Lab13
16-158 16-158t.jpg 16-158v.jpg 172 16-158h.jpg 2553 Adiantum rhizome with diverging frond trace and true leaf gap. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 167 Lab13
16-159 16-159t.jpg 16-159v.jpg 230 16-159h.jpg 1910 Polypodium rhizome with dissected amphiphloic siphonostele (dictyostele). Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 168 Lab13
16-160 16-160t.jpg 16-160v.jpg 77 16-160h.jpg 1273 Polypodium rhizome with dissected amphiphloic siphonostele (dictyostele). Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 169 Lab13
16-161 16-161t.jpg 16-161v.jpg 163 16-161h.jpg 1888 Pteridium rhizome dissected dictyostele, which contains variegated meristeles, and many different stelar elements. Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 170 Lab13
16-162 16-162t.jpg 16-162v.jpg 258 16-162h.jpg 3457 Matonia rhizome with cyclic amphiphloic siphonostele (solenostele). Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy 171 Lab13
16-167 16-167t.jpg 16-167v.jpg 24 16-167h.jpg 99 Lygodium sporangium Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 200 Lab14
16-168 16-168t.jpg 16-168v.jpg 35 16-168h.jpg 133 Anemia mexicana sporangium Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 201 Lab14
16-169 16-169t.jpg 16-169v.jpg 39 16-169h.jpg 146 Hymenophyllum sorus Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 202 Lab14
16-170 16-170t.jpg 16-170v.jpg 69 16-170h.jpg 246 Trichomanes sorus Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 203 Lab14
16-171 16-171t.jpg 16-171v.jpg 23 16-171h.jpg 94 Trichomanes sporangium Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 204 Lab14
16-315 16-315t.jpg 16-315v.jpg 31 16-315h.jpg 127 Gleichenia sorus Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 205 Lab14
16-316 16-316t.jpg 16-316v.jpg 28 16-316h.jpg 108 Trichomanes sporangia Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 206 Lab14
16-314 16-314t.jpg 16-314v.jpg 66 16-314h.jpg 264 Trichomanes sporangia in cross section. Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 207 Lab14
16-248 16-248t.jpg 16-248v.jpg 39 16-248h.jpg 159 Osmunda sporangia in darkfield microscopy Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 208 Lab14
16-247 16-247t.jpg 16-247v.jpg 78 16-247h.jpg 296 Osmunda sporangia & sorus in cross section Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 209 Lab14
16-245 16-245t.jpg 16-245v.jpg 36 16-245h.jpg 151 Cyathea sporangia in darkfield microscopy Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 210 Lab14
16-246 16-246t.jpg 16-246v.jpg 48 16-246h.jpg 177 Cyathea sporangia in cross section Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 211 Lab14
16-249 16-249t.jpg 16-249v.jpg 58 16-249h.jpg 245 Onoclea sori are located on fertile pinnae Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 212 Lab14
16-311 16-311t.jpg 16-311v.jpg 44 16-311h.jpg 178 Cyrtomium sporangia in darkfield microscopy Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 213 Lab14
16-310 16-310t.jpg 16-310v.jpg 85 16-310h.jpg 322 Cyrtomium falcatum sorus with peltate indusium Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 214 Lab14
16-307 16-307t.jpg 16-307v.jpg 48 16-307h.jpg 202 Pteridium sporangia in cross section showing developmental stages Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 215 Lab14
16-309 16-309t.jpg 16-309v.jpg 78 16-309h.jpg 287 Polypodium sorus showing sporangia at many developmental stages Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 216 Lab14
16-308 16-308t.jpg 16-308v.jpg 21 16-308h.jpg 106 Polypodium sporangium Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 217 Lab14
16-306 16-306t.jpg 16-306v.jpg 135 16-306h.jpg 135 Fern prothallus or gametophyte. Gametangia are present on the archegonial pad, beneath the apical notch and above rhizoids. Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive 230 Lab14
16-305 16-305t.jpg 16-305v.jpg 272 16-305h.jpg 272 Fern archgonia on archegonial pad. Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive 231 Lab14
16-303 16-303t.jpg 16-303v.jpg 226 16-303h.jpg 226 Fern antheridia beneath the apical notch. Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive 232 Lab14
16-304 16-304t.jpg 16-304v.jpg 211 16-304h.jpg 211 Fern archegonia in cross section. Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive 233 Lab14
16-302 16-302t.jpg 16-302v.jpg 120 16-302h.jpg 120 Fern antheridium with nearly mature sperm cells. Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 234 Lab14
16-178 16-178t.jpg 16-178v.jpg 187 16-178h.jpg 187 Fern embryo developing from an archegonium near the center of the gametophyte. Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 235 Lab14
16-177 16-177t.jpg 16-177v.jpg 81 16-177h.jpg 377 Marsilea rhizome with highly sclerified cortical walls. Pteridophyta, Marsileales, vegetative 236 Lab15
16-176 16-176t.jpg 16-176v.jpg 39 16-176h.jpg 619 Marsilea sporocarp longitudinal section. Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction 237 Lab15
16-175 16-175t.jpg 16-175v.jpg 65 16-175h.jpg 571 Marsilea sporocarp in longitudinal section. Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction 238 Lab15
16-174 16-174t.jpg 16-174v.jpg 65 16-174h.jpg 972 Marsilea sporocarp showing microsporangia and megasporangia in near medium longitudinal section. Indusia evident. Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction 239 Lab15
16-173 16-173t.jpg 16-173v.jpg 60 16-173h.jpg 883 Marsilea sporocarp showing microsporangia and megasporangia. Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction 240 Lab15
16-172 16-172t.jpg 16-172v.jpg 59 16-172h.jpg 1246 Marsilea sporocarp contents containing microspores and megaspores. Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction 241 Lab15
16-250 16-250-t.jpg 16-250-v.jpg 133 16-250-h.jpg 479 Azolla sporocarps megasporocarps and microsporocarps, completing the separation of sexes in the heterosporous ferns. Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction 242 Lab15
16-251 16-251t.jpg 16-251v.jpg 77 16-251h.jpg 320 Macrozamia sp. with female cone at Sydney Botanical Garden. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 262 Lab18
16-254 16-254t.jpg 16-254v.jpg 119 16-254h.jpg 298 Zamia skinneri Turrialba, Costa Rica. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 263 Lab18
16-255 16-255t.jpg 16-255v.jpg 119 16-255h.jpg 529 Microcycas calocoma, genus native to Cuba, seen at Pinar del Río, Cuba. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 260 Lab18
16-256 16-256t.jpg 16-256v.jpg 113 16-256h.jpg 492 Microcycas calocoma, showing an apparently female cone, at Pinar del Río, Cuba. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 261 Lab18
16-257 16-257t.jpg 16-257v.jpg 76 16-257h.jpg 352 Encephalartos villosis male cone at Adelaide Botanical Garden, Australia. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 259 Lab18
16-258 16-258t.jpg 16-258v.jpg 176 16-258h.jpg 380 Encephalartos altensteini male cone at Sydney Botanical Garden. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 257 Lab18
16-259 16-259t.jpg 16-259v.jpg 146 16-259h.jpg 314 Encephalartos altensteini male cone at Melbourne Royal Botanical Garden. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 258 Lab18
16-260 16-260t.jpg 16-260v.jpg 107 16-260h.jpg 467 Encephalartos altensteini plant habit in Huntington Gardens. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 256 Lab18
16-261 16-261t.jpg 16-261v.jpg 65 16-261h.jpg 298 Dioon edule microsporophylls with numerous microsporangia. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 255 Lab18
16-262 16-262t.jpg 16-262v.jpg 118 16-262h.jpg 280 Dioon edule male cone. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 254 Lab18
16-263 16-263t.jpg 16-263v.jpg 95 16-263h.jpg 389 Dioon edule male cone and cycad leaf structure. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 253 Lab18
16-264 16-264t.jpg 16-264v.jpg 123 16-264h.jpg 561 Dioon edule plant habit in Linares Canyon, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 252 Lab18
16-265 16-265t.jpg 16-265v.jpg 139 16-265h.jpg 324 Cycas revoluta male cone. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 251 Lab18
16-266 16-266t.jpg 16-266v.jpg 62 16-266h.jpg 249 Cycas revoluta female "cone", consisting of loose sporophylls. Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus 250 Lab18
16-267 16-267t.jpg 16-267v.jpg 60 16-267h.jpg 255 Cycas tracheids in macerated wood. Cycadophyta, vegetative 267 Lab18
16-268 16-268t.jpg 16-268v.jpg 104 16-268h.jpg 523 Cycas stem cross section illustrating manoxylic development and girdling leaf traces. Cycadophyta, vegetative 264 Lab18
16-269 16-269t.jpg 16-269v.jpg 61 16-269h.jpg 341 Cycas petiole cross section. Cycadophyta, vegetative 265 Lab18
16-270 16-270t.jpg 16-270v.jpg 53 16-270h.jpg 230 Cycas petiole vascular bundle cross section. Cycadophyta, vegetative 266 Lab18
16-272 16-272t.jpg 16-272v.jpg 96 16-272h.jpg 390 Ginkgo biloba long shoot, showing pycnoxylic wood. Ginkgophyta, vegetative 267 Lab18
16-273 16-273t.jpg 16-273v.jpg 114 16-273h.jpg 477 Ginkgo biloba short shoot, showing manoxylic wood. Ginkgophyta, vegetative 268 Lab18
16-274 16-274t.jpg 16-274v.jpg 152 16-274h.jpg 332 Ginkgo male sporangiophyll Ginkgophyta, reproductive 270 Lab19
16-275 16-275t.jpg 16-275v.jpg 43 16-275h.jpg 194 Ginkgo pollen development Ginkgophyta, reproductive 271 Lab19
16-276 16-276t.jpg 16-276v.jpg 63 16-276h.jpg 346 Ginkgo ovule with thick integuments located on female sporangiophyll. Ginkgophyta, reproductive 272 Lab19
16-277 16-277t.jpg 16-277v.jpg 200 16-277h.jpg 429 Ginkgo ovule showing thick integuments and nucellus Ginkgophyta, reproductive 273 Lab19
16-278 16-278t.jpg 16-278v.jpg 95 16-278h.jpg 222 Ginkgo ovule showing free nuclear division during megagametogenesis. Ginkgophyta, reproductive 274 Lab19
16-279 16-279t.jpg 16-279v.jpg 75 16-279h.jpg 364 Ginkgo megagametophyte showing cell layering and storage nutrition. Ginkgophyta, reproductive 275 Lab19
16-280 16-280t.jpg 16-280v.jpg 72 16-280h.jpg 359 Ginkgo megagametophyte with archegonium. Ginkgophyta, reproductive 275 Lab19
16-281 16-281t.jpg 16-281v.jpg 176 16-281h.jpg 396 Ginkgo biloga embryo shoot apex. Ginkgophyta, reproductive 275 Lab19
16-282 16-282t.jpg 16-282v.jpg 88 16-282h.jpg 404 Ginkgo biloga shoot apex Ginkgophyta, reproductive 269 Lab19
16-317 16-317t.jpg 16-317v.jpg 47 16-317h.jpg 175 Lygodium sporangium in cross section. Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive 200.5 Lab14
16-335 16-335t.jpg 16-335v.jpg 59 16-335h.jpg 451
16-336 16-336t.jpg 16-336v.jpg 58 16-336h.jpg 427
16-337 16-337t.jpg 16-337v.jpg 59 16-337h.jpg 410
16-338 16-338t.jpg 16-338v.jpg 133 16-338h.jpg 446
16-339 16-339t.jpg 16-339v.jpg 81 16-339h.jpg 534
16-340 16-340t.jpg 16-340v.jpg 40 16-340h.jpg 148
16-341 16-341t.jpg 16-341v.jpg 96 16-341h.jpg 405
16-342 16-342t.jpg 16-342v.jpg 96 16-342h.jpg 669
16-343 16-343t.jpg 16-343v.jpg 92 16-343h.jpg 422
16-344 16-344t.jpg 16-344v.jpg 154 16-344h.jpg 540
16-345 16-345t.jpg 16-345v.jpg 129 16-345h.jpg 536
16-346 16-346t.jpg 16-346v.jpg 347 16-346h.jpg 513
16-347 16-347t.jpg 16-347v.jpg 25 16-347h.jpg 647
16-348 16-348t.jpg 16-348v.jpg 61 16-348h.jpg 661
16-349 16-349t.jpg 16-349v.jpg 115 16-349h.jpg 505
16-350 16-350t.jpg 16-350v.jpg 80 16-350h.jpg 246
16-351 16-351t.jpg 16-351v.jpg 158 16-351h.jpg 997
16-352 16-352t.jpg 16-352v.jpg 64 16-352h.jpg 281
16-353 16-353t.jpg 16-353v.jpg 67 16-353h.jpg 428
16-354 16-354t.jpg 16-354v.jpg 148 16-354h.jpg 667
16-355 16-355t.jpg 16-355v.jpg 100 16-355h.jpg 644
16-356 16-356t.jpg 16-356v.jpg 64 16-356h.jpg 268
16-357 16-357t.jpg 16-357v.jpg 57 16-357h.jpg 458
16-358 16-358t.jpg 16-358v.jpg 198 16-358h.jpg 374
16-359 16-359t.jpg 16-359v.jpg 183 16-359h.jpg 800
16-360 16-360t.jpg 16-360v.jpg 116 16-360h.jpg 874
16-361 16-361t.jpg 16-361v.jpg 99 16-361h.jpg 531
16-362 16-362t.jpg 16-362v.jpg 125 16-362h.jpg 1159
16-363 16-363t.jpg 16-363v.jpg 178 16-363h.jpg 757
16-364 16-364t.jpg 16-364v.jpg 211 16-364h.jpg 966
16-365 16-365t.jpg 16-365v.jpg 238 16-365h.jpg 817
16-366 16-366t.jpg 16-366v.jpg 122 16-366h.jpg 1069
16-367 16-367t.jpg 16-367v.jpg 97 16-367h.jpg 1064
16-368 16-368t.jpg 16-368v.jpg 200 16-368h.jpg 1056
16-369 16-369t.jpg 16-369v.jpg 280 16-369h.jpg 897
16-370 16-370t.jpg 16-370v.jpg 227 16-370h.jpg 780
16-371 16-371t.jpg 16-371v.jpg 118 16-371h.jpg 865
16-372 16-372t.jpg 16-372v.jpg 118 16-372h.jpg 906
16-373 16-373t.jpg 16-373v.jpg 113 16-373h.jpg 799
16-374 16-374t.jpg 16-374v.jpg 134 16-374h.jpg 647
16-375 16-375t.jpg 16-375v.jpg 286 16-375h.jpg 1360
16-376 16-376t.jpg 16-376v.jpg 156 16-376h.jpg 1359
16-377 16-377t.jpg 16-377v.jpg 261 16-377h.jpg 1485
16-378 16-378t.jpg 16-378v.jpg 191 16-378h.jpg 946
16-379 16-379t.jpg 16-379v.jpg 113 16-379h.jpg 420
16-380 16-380t.jpg 16-380v.jpg 208 16-380h.jpg 763
16-381 16-381t.jpg 16-381v.jpg 271 16-381h.jpg 1117
16-382 16-382t.jpg 16-382v.jpg 258 16-382h.jpg 1285
16-383 16-383t.jpg 16-383v.jpg 314 16-383h.jpg 1272
16-384 16-384t.jpg 16-384v.jpg 180 16-384h.jpg 914