16-385 bryum1-t.jpg bryum1-v.jpg 72 bryum1-h.jpg 163 "Bryum species with prostrate moss gametophyte and maturing sporophytic capsules. The capsules are complex, dominating the body of the sporophyte." "Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, sporophyte, moss" 0.1 Lab02
16-386 bryum2-t.jpg bryum2-v.jpg 59 bryum2-h.jpg 147 Bryum capsules form the sporophyte. The moss gametophyte is prostrate and individual plants are inconspicuous. "Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, sporophyte, moss" 0.2 Lab02
16-386 polytrichum-t.jpg polytrichum-v.jpg 91 polytrichum-h.jpg 209 Polytrichum species with emergent erect gametophyte. The sporophyte of this plant hydroids and leptoids -- moss analogs of xylem and phloem. "Bryophyta, Bryales, gametophyte, moss" 0.3 Lab02
16-095 16-095t.jpg 16-095v.jpg 106 16-095h.jpg 533 Mnium antheridiaphore with protective leaves and rhizoids. This moss contains elongated slender antheridia that are largely exposed on the elevated antheridophore. "Bryophyta, Bryales, antheridia" 1 Lab02
16-094 16-094t.jpg 16-094v.jpg 249 16-094h.jpg 545 Mnium developing antheridia. The antheridia are at a diversity of different developmental stages on the antheridiophore from early spermatogenesis to sperm cell maturation. "Bryophyta, Bryales, antheridia" 2 Lab02
16-104 16-104t.jpg 16-104v.jpg 132 16-104h.jpg 538 "Mnium archegoniophore provides protective leaves and rhizoids amid the developing archegonia of this moss. Archegonia range from maturity (see egg cell on the left), to quite imature stages." "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia" 3 Lab02
16-103 16-103t.jpg 16-103v.jpg 129 16-103h.jpg 715 "Mnium archegonium. Archegonia are highly elongated, with thick necks and elongated axial rows of numerous neck cells. This reflects a more primitive form of gametangia." "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia" 4 Lab02
16-386 mnium-eggs-t.jpg mnium-eggs-v.jpg 79 mnium-eggs-h.jpg 220 "Mnium archegonia. Two archegonia are evident here. The axial row, having begun degeneration, reflects a receptive egg. Note ventral canal cell in the right archegonium." "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss" 4.01 Lab02
16-386 mnium-egg-redo-t.jpg mnium-egg-redo-v.jpg 82 mnium-egg-redo-h.jpg 228 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell as viewed using differential interference contrast microscopy. "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss" 4.02 Lab02
16-386 mnium-egg-t.jpg mnium-egg-v.jpg 82 mnium-egg-h.jpg 228 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell. "Bryophyta, Bryales, archegonia, gametophyte, moss" 4.03 Lab02
16-386 moss-liverwort-t.jpg moss-liverwort-v.jpg 169 moss-liverwort-h.jpg 417 Mnium archegonium containing a receptive egg cell. "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, moss, thallose liverwort" 4.1 Lab02
16-386 marchantia-gametophore-lawn-t.jpg marchantia-gametophore-lawn-v.jpg 140 marchantia-gametophore-lawn-h.jpg 313 Marchantia thallus with archegoniophores (lobed umbrellas) and antheridiophores (webbed umbrellas). "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort" 4.2 Lab02
16-386 reboulia-t.jpg reboulia-v.jpg 47 reboulia-h.jpg 131 Reboulia archegoniophores appear largely similar to those of Marchantia. "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, thallose liverwort" 4.21 Lab02
16-386 marchantia-gametophores-t.jpg marchantia-gametophores-v.jpg 81 marchantia-gametophores-h.jpg 193 Marchantia thallus with archegoniophores (lobed umbrellas) and antheridiophores (webbed umbrellas). "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort" 4.3 Lab02
16-386 marchantia-gemma-t.jpg marchantia-gemma-v.jpg 56 marchantia-gemma-h.jpg 143 "Marchantia thallus with gemma cups, contining the vegetative propagules called gemmae." "Bryophyta, Bryales, Marchantiales, gametophyte, archegoniophore, antheridiophore, thallose liverwort" 4.4 Lab02
16-102 16-102t.jpg 16-102v.jpg 241 16-102h.jpg 642 Marchantia archegoniophore. Archegonia at a range of developmental stages are evident on the underside of the archegoniophore. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegoniophore" 5 Lab02
16-093 16-093t.jpg 16-093v.jpg 208 16-093h.jpg 410 Marchantia mature antheridium. The sperm cells form in developmental merophytes (derivatives of the same cell lineage). The antheridia are retained within the antheridiophore. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, antheridia" 5.5 Lab02
16-101 16-101t.jpg 16-101v.jpg 136 16-101h.jpg 608 Marchantia archegoniophore. Immature archegonia through fertilized archegonia are evident on the underside of the archegoniophore. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegoniophore" 6 Lab02
16-100 16-100t.jpg 16-100v.jpg 102 16-100h.jpg 439 Marchantia developing archegonia. A gradation of archegonial stages are evident on teh underside of this archegoniophore. Note immature ventral canal cell and neck canal mother cell (right). "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 7 Lab02
16-098 16-098t.jpg 16-098v.jpg 175 16-098h.jpg 2179 "Marchantia archegonial stages. Note the archegonial initial to the left, 2-4 cell stage, to a fertilized archegonium on the right. Of what advantage would this strategy be?" "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 8 Lab02
16-099 16-099t.jpg 16-099v.jpg 220 16-099h.jpg 442 "Marchantia mature archegonium. Note the large egg cell, ventral canal cell, neck canal cells and axial row. Prior to fertilization, the cells intervening between the cap cell and egg break down." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 9 Lab02
16-097 16-097t.jpg 16-097v.jpg 87 16-097h.jpg 331 Marchantia archegonial stages. Note archegonial row initial (left). The central archegonium appears ready for fertilization. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 10 Lab02
16-092 16-092t.jpg 16-092v.jpg 222 16-092h.jpg 442 Marchantia young sporophyte. This archegonium has been recently fertilized and is at about the 64 celled stage. The polarity of the sporophyte is poorly distinguished. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonia" 11 Lab02
16-096 16-096t.jpg 16-096v.jpg 285 16-096h.jpg 845 "Marchantia mature archegonium. Note the large egg cell, ventral canal cell, and obliquely sectioned neck canal cells. A rhizoid is provides some protection. (Nomarski interference contrast microscopy)" "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, archegonium" 11 Lab02
16-091 16-091t.jpg 16-091v.jpg 257 16-091h.jpg 485 Marchantia young sporophyte. This sporophyte is still located within the archegonium. Note the degerate material in the archegonial neck through which the sperm entered. "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 12 Lab02
16-090 16-090t.jpg 16-090v.jpg 133 16-090h.jpg 484 "Marchantia young sporophyte. The foot, seta and developing capsule differentiate early in this differentiating sporophyte." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 13 Lab02
16-089 16-089t.jpg 16-089v.jpg 111 16-089h.jpg 403 "Marchantia young sporophyte. The foot, seta and developing capsule are evident in this differentiating sporophyte." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 14 Lab02
16-088 16-088t.jpg 16-088v.jpg 163 16-088h.jpg 558 "Marchantia maturing sporophyte. Spores are aligned parallel to elators within the capsule, shown here prior to their separation." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 15 Lab02
16-087 16-087t.jpg 16-087v.jpg 103 16-087h.jpg 474 "Marchantia mature sporophyte. The capsule is filled with spores and elators that aid dissemination. These hang, pendulous from the archegoniophore." "Bryophyta, Marchantiales, sporophyte" 16 Lab02
16-085 16-085t.jpg 16-085v.jpg 81 16-085h.jpg 631 "Kidstone and Gwynne-Vaughn examining the fossils of the Rhynie chert, where Rhynia and many of the Rhyniophytes were discovered." Early Fossil Hunters 16.1 Lab04
16-083 16-083t.jpg 16-083v.jpg 89 16-083h.jpg 441 Cooksonia and Rhynia in a diorama of life 400 mya. Milwaukee Public Museum. "Museum, Devonian, Rhyniophyta" 16.2 Lab04
16-086 16-086t.jpg 16-086v.jpg 68 16-086h.jpg 271 Origin of Alternation of Generations is depicted in these two diagrams illustrating the isomorphic (homologous) and transformation (antithetic) models. Alternation of Generations 16.6 Lab04
16-080 16-080t.jpg 16-080v.jpg 110 16-080h.jpg 357 Lycopodium lucidulum shows indeterminate growth on all axes. Interrupted reproductive regions constitute poorly defined strobilar regions. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.0105 Lab06
16-076 16-076t.jpg 16-076v.jpg 102 16-076h.jpg 184 "Lycopodium lucidulum showing interrupted strobilus, sporophylls nearly identical to microphylls. A propagule known as a bulbil is also visible." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.011 Lab06
16-075 16-075t.jpg 16-075v.jpg 163 16-075h.jpg 281 "Lycopodium annotinum shows two microphyll morphologies, terminal strobili and determinate growth. Vilas County, Wisconsin." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.012 Lab06
16-071 16-071t.jpg 16-071v.jpg 193 16-071h.jpg 353 "Lycopodium obscurum shows two microphyll morphologies, overtopped strobili. Vilas County, Wisconsin." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.013 Lab06
16-073 16-073t.jpg 16-073v.jpg 88 16-073h.jpg 293 "Lycopodium clavatum shows three microphyll morphologies, multiple strobili and relatively great specialization. Vilas County, Wisconsin." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.014 Lab06
16-078 16-078t.jpg 16-078v.jpg 241 16-078h.jpg 442 "Lycopodium sp. in Costa Rica, shows typical habit of an epiphytic lycopod." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.015 Lab06
16-077 16-077t.jpg 16-077v.jpg 196 16-077h.jpg 337 "Lycopodium squarrosum showing epiphytic, tropical habit. Photo taken at Australian National Botanical Garden, Canberra." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.016 Lab06
16-079 16-079t.jpg 16-079v.jpg 148 16-079h.jpg 272 "Lycopodium phlegmaria showing epiphytic, tropical habit. Photo taken at Australian National Botanical Garden, Canberra." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.017 Lab06
16-070 16-070t.jpg 16-070v.jpg 107 16-070h.jpg 343 Lycopodium adpressum apical meristem with apical cell. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.02 Lab06
16-072 16-072t.jpg 16-072v.jpg 166 16-072h.jpg 341 "Lycopodium inundatum rhizome with conspicuous leaf traces, exarch maturation." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.031 Lab06
16-074 16-074t.jpg 16-074v.jpg 178 16-074h.jpg 558 "Lycopodium clavatum rhizome cross section showing an impressive plectostele, leaf traces and sclerified cortical sheath." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.032 Lab06
16-069 16-069t.jpg 16-069v.jpg 195 16-069h.jpg 580 Lycopodium obscurum plectostele. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.033 Lab06
16-061 16-061t.jpg 16-061v.jpg 125 16-061h.jpg 410 "Lycopodium lucidulum bulbil viewed in longitudinal section, showing subtending leaf, as well as shoot and root apices." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, vegetative, sporophyte" 17.04 Lab06
16-059 16-059t.jpg 16-059v.jpg 109 16-059h.jpg 2109 Lycopodium sporangial initials are characteristic of the eusporangiate development. Note the axial origin of the sporangium. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangial ontogeny" 18 Lab07
16-058 16-058t.jpg 16-058v.jpg 111 16-058h.jpg 1830 Lycopodium sporangial development. This eusporangium is in early development. Note the origin of layering -- an early stage in formation of the sporangial wall. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangial ontogeny" 18.1 Lab07
16-057 16-057t.jpg 16-057v.jpg 213 16-057h.jpg 1664 Lycopodium later sporangial development. Sporogenous tissue becomes conspicuous by greater cytoplasmic density and accumulation of dense nuclei. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 19 Lab07
16-056 16-056t.jpg 16-056v.jpg 177 16-056h.jpg 1144 Lycopodium late sporangial development. Sporogenous tissue is quite well defined at this stage. The thick walls surrounding developing sporocytes is characteristic. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 20 Lab07
16-055 16-055t.jpg 16-055v.jpg 102 16-055h.jpg 1667 "Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis I. Sporocytes having completed meiosis are now spores, still present in tetrads. Note tapetum and thickness of sporangial wall." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 21 Lab07
16-054 16-054t.jpg 16-054v.jpg 84 16-054h.jpg 1506 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis II. Post-meiotic spores remain in tetrads in this image. Tapetal cells are found among the sporocytes at this stage. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 22 Lab07
16-053 16-053t.jpg 16-053v.jpg 102 16-053h.jpg 1587 Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis III. Spores separate and exine walls mature at this stage. Tapetal cells found among the sporocytes are beginning to break down. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 23 Lab07
16-052 16-052t.jpg 16-052v.jpg 116 16-052h.jpg 1968 "Lycopodium clavatum sporogenesis IV. Exine completes maturation, trilete marks occasionally evident. Tapetal cells, found among the sporocytes, continue to break down." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporogenesis" 24 Lab07
16-051 16-051t.jpg 16-051v.jpg 116 16-051h.jpg 1534 Lycopodium mature eusporangium. Spores increase in density as they accumulate food stores. Tapetum breaks down in preparation for dehiscence. Note laminar location of sporangial attachment. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium" 25 Lab07
16-050 16-050t.jpg 16-050v.jpg 258 16-050h.jpg 1938 Lycopodium lucidulum mature eusporangium. Note the axillary location of sporangial attachment. This is characteristic of some of the less derived of the Lycopodiaceae. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium" 26 Lab07
16-049 16-049t.jpg 16-049v.jpg 129 16-049h.jpg 1990 Lycopodium obscurum mature eusporangium. The laminar location of sporangial attachment on the sporophyll is characteristic of more advanced species. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangium" 27 Lab07
16-060 16-060t.jpg 16-060v.jpg 193 16-060h.jpg 347 Phylloglossum drummondii tuber and shoot apex. This diminutive relative of Lycopodium is quite rare. Slide made at University of Oklahoma. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, tuber" 28 Lab07
16-048 16-048t.jpg 16-048v.jpg 299 16-048h.jpg 1878 Phylloglossum drummondii stobilus. This image of this unusual plant shows a longitudinal section of the cone with a wide range of stages of sporogenesis. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, sporangia" 29 Lab07
16-047 16-047t.jpg 16-047v.jpg 103 16-047h.jpg 1912 "Lycopodium gametophyte with mature antheridia, which are are embedded in the gametophyte. Antheridia are typically on the underside of the gametophyte." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, antheridia" 30 Lab07
16-046 16-046t.jpg 16-046v.jpg 130 16-046h.jpg 1975 "Lycopodium gametophyte with endophytic fungus, characteristic of the slowest growing Lycopod gametophytes. Gametophytes of some species may require up to 7 years to mature." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte" 31 Lab07
16-044 16-044t.jpg 16-044v.jpg 128 16-044h.jpg 2030 Lycopodium gametophyte with archegonia show the onset of the sexual phase of this long-lived plant. Note the axial row present in the archegonial neck. "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, archegonium, embryogenesis" 32 Lab07
16-045 16-045t.jpg 16-045v.jpg 120 16-045h.jpg 2027 "Lycopodium gametophyte with mature archegonia showing the axial row in the archegonial neck, ventral canal cell and interior egg cell." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, gametophyte, archegonium" 33 Lab07
16-043 16-043t.jpg 16-043v.jpg 209 16-043h.jpg 1658 "Lycopodium embryogenesis shows a high diversity of different embryogenetic pathways, which is presumed to be a primitive characteristic. The classical embryo is endoscopic, with the suspensor located under the archegonial neck and the shoot emerging laterally." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis" 34 Lab07
16-lycopo lycopodium-1-t.jpg lycopodium-1-v.jpg 180 lycopodium-1-h.jpg 740 "Lycopodium embryogenesis shows a diversity of embryogenetic pathways, a presumed primitive characteristic. From Wardlaw (1955)." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis" 34 Lab07
16-042 16-042t.jpg 16-042v.jpg 125 16-042h.jpg 2025 "Lycopodium embryogenesis showing young leaves of this plant. The embryo is endoscopic, with suspensor located under archegonial neck and shoot emerging laterally." "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis" 35 Lab07
16-lycopo lycopodium-2-t.jpg lycopodium-2-v.jpg 174 lycopodium-2-h.jpg 669 Embryogenesis in Lycopodium cernuum & L. laterale showing young leaves of this plant. From Wardlaw (1955). "Lycophyta, Lycopodiales, embryogenesis" 35 Lab07
16-067 16-067t.jpg 16-067v.jpg 112 16-067h.jpg 366 "Selaginella krausiana anisotomous branching. Although the shoot apex undergoes dichotomous branching, overtopping results in anisotomy and a pseudomonopodial appearance in the plant habit." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, shoot apex, dichotomous branching" 35.01 Lab06
16-041 16-041t.jpg 16-041v.jpg 243 16-041h.jpg 1726 "Selaginella shoot apex. Branching of the apex is dichotomous, but one axis tends to overtop the other (anisotomous) resulting in pseudomonopodial branching. The vascular cylinder is suspended by trabeculae in mature regions of the axis." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, shoot apex, dichotomous branching" 35.02 Lab06
16-066 16-066t.jpg 16-066v.jpg 98 16-066h.jpg 407 Selaginella apical meristem with apical cell at the tip. Note leaf primordia and young leaves. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.51 Lab06
16-064 16-064t.jpg 16-064v.jpg 123 16-064h.jpg 399 Selaginella rhizome. Note meristeles are located in schizogenous chambers within the stem. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.52 Lab06
16-065 16-065t.jpg 16-065v.jpg 126 16-065h.jpg 370 Selaginella rhizome showing a meristele with a plate of xylem. Note trabeculae and Casparian strips indicative of endodermis. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.53 Lab06
16-063 16-063t.jpg 16-063v.jpg 81 16-063h.jpg 272 "Selaginella root with two vascular bundles, presumably close to a dichotomy." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.57 Lab06
16-068 16-068t.jpg 16-068v.jpg 148 16-068h.jpg 402 "Selaginella root with two vascular bundles, presumably close to a dichotomy." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.58 Lab06
16-062 16-062t.jpg 16-062v.jpg 127 16-062h.jpg 385 "Selaginella rhizophore resembles both stems and roots to some degree. Created by an angle meristem in dichotomies, these are enigmatic organs." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, vegetative, sporophyte" 35.59 Lab06
16-037 16-037t.jpg 16-037v.jpg 209 16-037h.jpg 356 Selaginella strobilar axis with adjacent newly initiated and maturing megasporangium and ligule. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 37 Lab07
16-038 16-038t.jpg 16-038v.jpg 96 16-038h.jpg 349 Selaginella microsporangium within a microsporophyll. A ligule is quite conspicuous subtending the microsporangium. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium" 38 Lab07
16-040 16-040t.jpg 16-040v.jpg 128 16-040h.jpg 2339 Selaginella microsporangium with numerous microspores within. Note the layering of the eusporangium. Does this appear to be close to dehiscence? "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium" 39 Lab07
16-039 16-039t.jpg 16-039v.jpg 137 16-039h.jpg 399 Selaginella microsporangium and microspores. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, microsporangium" 40 Lab07
16-036 16-036t.jpg 16-036v.jpg 170 16-036h.jpg 286 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. A ligule is quite conspicous subtending the megasporangium. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 41 Lab07
16-035 16-035t.jpg 16-035v.jpg 185 16-035h.jpg 329 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 42 Lab07
16-034 16-034t.jpg 16-034v.jpg 60 16-034h.jpg 246 Selaginella young megaspores within a megasporangium. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 43 Lab07
16-033 16-033t.jpg 16-033v.jpg 250 16-033h.jpg 440 Selaginella megaspores are evident in two adjacent megasporangia. Note the velum and sporophylls. "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 44 Lab07
16-032 16-032t.jpg 16-032v.jpg 146 16-032h.jpg 461 "Selaginella megaspores in the megasporangium. Microgametogenesis has progressed to near maturity. It is unclear whether the trilete mark has split, but it may have already germinated." "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, megasporangium" 45 Lab07
16-selagi selaginella-1-t.jpg selaginella-1-v.jpg 139 selaginella-1-h.jpg 511 Embryogenesis in Selaginella from Wardlaw (1955). "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, embryogenesis" 45.1 Lab07
16-selagi selaginella-2-t.jpg selaginella-2-v.jpg 143 selaginella-2-h.jpg 613 Embryogenesis in Selaginella from Wardlaw (1955). "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, embryogenesis" 45.2 Lab07
16-selagi selaginella-3-t.jpg selaginella-3-v.jpg 132 selaginella-3-h.jpg 510 Embryogenesis in Selaginella from Wardlaw (1955). "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, embryogenesis" 45.3 Lab07
16-selagi selaginella-4-t.jpg selaginella-4-v.jpg 162 selaginella-4-h.jpg 686 Embryogenesis in Selaginella from Wardlaw (1955). "Lycophyta, Selaginellales, embryogenesis" 45.4 Lab07
16-031 16-031t.jpg 16-031v.jpg 198 16-031h.jpg 344 Isoetes storkii plant in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit" 46 Lab08
16-030 16-030t.jpg 16-030v.jpg 94 16-030h.jpg 317 Isoetes storkii in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit" 47 Lab08
16-029 16-029t.jpg 16-029v.jpg 157 16-029h.jpg 535 Isoetes storkii in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit" 48 Lab08
16-028 16-028t.jpg 16-028v.jpg 328 16-028h.jpg 616 Isoetes storkii found in nature. Roy Lent holds a species of Isoetes over the water in Laguna de Po?s in Costa Rica. Photo by Norman Boke. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, plant habit" 49 Lab08
16-027 16-027t.jpg 16-027v.jpg 441 16-027h.jpg 899 "Isoetes median saggital section showing microphylls, apical meristem, anchor-shaped vascular core and traces (leaf and root)." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 50 Lab08
16-026 16-026t.jpg 16-026v.jpg 174 16-026h.jpg 768 "Isoetes median saggital section showing surmounting microphylls, apical meristem, anchor-shaped vascular core (characteristic of a sagittal section and traces (leaf and root)." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis, root apex" 51 Lab08
16-025 16-025t.jpg 16-025v.jpg 382 16-025h.jpg 666 "Isoetes median frontal section showing surmounting microphylls, apical meristem, vascular core and traces (leaf and root). Note prismatic zone." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 52 Lab08
16-024 16-024t.jpg 16-024v.jpg 372 16-024h.jpg 695 Isoetes corm in longitudinal section showing the vascular attachment of the roots and their endogenous origin from the root apical region from the central vascular core. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 53 Lab08
16-023 16-023t.jpg 16-023v.jpg 198 16-023h.jpg 706 Isoetes corm in cross section. The protostele of this plant is indeed unusually loose. A unifacial cambium forms parenchyma cells and some xylem tracheids. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 54 Lab08
16-022 16-022t.jpg 16-022v.jpg 185 16-022h.jpg 589 Isoetes corm in cross section. This is the basal portion of the corm showing diverging root traces. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 55 Lab08
16-021 16-021t.jpg 16-021v.jpg 188 16-021h.jpg 644 Isoetes corm in cross section. Note the unifacial cambium creating the prismatic zone. The cambium primarily gives rise to parenchyma. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 56 Lab08
16-020 16-020t.jpg 16-020v.jpg 162 16-020h.jpg 663 Isoetes corm in cross section. This unusual corm had three lobes. The center shows its Y-shaped furrow. "Lycophyta, Isoetales" 57 Lab08
16-019 16-019t.jpg 16-019v.jpg 413 16-019h.jpg 842 "Isoetes corm viewed by basal section showing the ranked rhizotaxis of the roots. Although the roots arise endogenously, it is unusual to have such regular spacings." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, rhizotaxis" 58 Lab08
16-018 16-018t.jpg 16-018v.jpg 288 16-018h.jpg 541 "Isoetes ligule in cross section is present above the sporangium. Its function is still unclear, even though it is considered to be a characteristic structure of the heterosporous lycopods." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 59 Lab08
16-017 16-017t.jpg 16-017v.jpg 102 16-017h.jpg 316 Isoetes root cross section. This unusual tubular structure with an eccentric positioning of the trace is also characteristic of the roots of the extinct plant Stigmaria. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, Stigmarian root" 60 Lab08
16-016 16-016t.jpg 16-016v.jpg 108 16-016h.jpg 389 Isoetes root cross section. This possesses an almost trabecular connection of the root trace. The unusual tubular structure resembles the leaves in some ways. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, Stigmarian root" 61 Lab08
16-015 16-015t.jpg 16-015v.jpg 127 16-015h.jpg 280 "Isoetes leaf cross section showing the four-chamber nature of the distal part of the leaf. Typical of a microphyllous plant, there is a single trace in the leaf." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, leaf" 62 Lab08
16-014 16-014t.jpg 16-014v.jpg 345 16-014h.jpg 671 Isoetes median longitudinal section showing the vascular supply to the maturing sporophylls very nicely. The apical meristem surmounts the vascular core that is located beneath. Note the conspicuous loosely-organized primary xylem. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 63 Lab08
16-013 16-013t.jpg 16-013v.jpg 169 16-013h.jpg 726 "Isoetes median longitudinal section showing immature microphylls and apical meristem. The vascular core is located beneath, with primary xylem conspicuous in this view." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 64 Lab08
16-012 16-012t.jpg 16-012v.jpg 324 16-012h.jpg 695 Isoetes median longitudinal section showing an early eusporangium developing on the surface of the sporophyll and the apical meristem closeby. Sporophylls protect the apical region. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 65 Lab08
16-011 16-011t.jpg 16-011v.jpg 349 16-011h.jpg 648 "Isoetes median longitudinal section showing maturing sporophylls, the apical meristem, and the underlying corm, with its unusual vascular cambium region." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, shoot axis" 66 Lab08
16-010 16-010t.jpg 16-010v.jpg 316 16-010h.jpg 568 Isoetes microsporangium containing maturing microspores that are located among the trabecular process of the sporangium. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, microsporangium" 67 Lab08
16-009 16-009t.jpg 16-009v.jpg 330 16-009h.jpg 577 Isoetes microsporangium containing maturing microspores that are located among the trabecular process of the sporangium. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, microsporangium" 68 Lab08
16-008 16-008t.jpg 16-008v.jpg 284 16-008h.jpg 548 "Isoetes megasporophyll with ligule. Although the function of the ligule is not clear, it is characteristic and contains an endodermal layer, suggesting secretory involvement. Many megaspores are evident." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium" 69 Lab08
16-007 16-007t.jpg 16-007v.jpg 232 16-007h.jpg 391 "Isoetes megasporangium containing maturing megaspores, prior to the filling of the cytoplasm." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium" 70 Lab08
16-006 16-006t.jpg 16-006v.jpg 131 16-006h.jpg 493 "Isoetes megasporangium containing maturing megaspores. In Isoetes the spores often have multiple nuclei, indicating that these are in early megagametogenesis." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium, microsporangium" 71 Lab08
16-005 16-005t.jpg 16-005v.jpg 181 16-005h.jpg 339 Isoetes megasporangium containing megaspores with early stage megagametophytes. Retension and provisioning of the megaspores shows increased of gametophytic tissues. "Lycophyta, Isoetales, megasporangium" 72 Lab08
16-004 16-004t.jpg 16-004v.jpg 91 16-004h.jpg 311 "Isoetes megagametophyte soon after germination. Swelling of gametophytic tissue occurs along the trilete mark. At this location and along these grooves, archegonia form that will be fertilized by motile sperm, if present." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, gametogenesis" 73 Lab08
16-003 16-003t.jpg 16-003v.jpg 146 16-003h.jpg 252 "Isoetes embryogenesis. Inclined exoscopic embryo gives rise to shoot, leaf, root and foot. Shoot emerges through wall of the gametophyte to establish the young sporophyte. From Wardlaw (1955), p. 119." "Lycophyta, Isoetales, embryogenesis" 74 Lab08
16-isoete isoetes-t.jpg isoetes-v.jpg 130 isoetes-h.jpg 505 Embryogenesis in Isoetes from Wardlaw (1955). "Lycophyta, Isoetales, embryogenesis" 74 Lab08
16-equisetum equisetum-t.jpg equisetum-v.jpg 23 equisetum-h.jpg 23 Equisetum hyemale reproductive/vegetative shoot. An intermediate morphological pattern. Courtesy Cals Plant-of-the-Week "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 74.5 Lab09
16-002 16-002t.jpg 16-002v.jpg 46 16-002h.jpg 152 "Equisetum arvense reproductive and vegetative shoots. Sporangiophores are readily visible in the strobilus, as is the basal annulus. Photo taken in May in Bayside, Wisconsin" "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 75 Lab09
16-001 16-001t.jpg 16-001v.jpg 62 16-001h.jpg 198 "Equisetum arvense with dimorphic aerial shoots. Reproductive shoots with strobili reach maturity as vegetative axes are becoming conspicuous. Photo taken in May in Bayside, Wisconsin" "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 76 Lab09
16-211 16-211t.jpg 16-211v.jpg 52 16-211h.jpg 113 Equisetum arvense. Young aerial stem with elongating lateral branches piercing base of microphylls "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 80 Lab09
16-210 16-210t.jpg 16-210v.jpg 77 16-210h.jpg 168 "Equisetum giganteum in Costa Rica, co-starring Roy Lent." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 81 Lab09
16-209 16-209t.jpg 16-209v.jpg 78 16-209h.jpg 287 "Equisetum arvense aerial stem cross-section. This is the sterile stem, showing carinal and vallecular canals, ribs." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 82 Lab09
16-208 16-208t.jpg 16-208v.jpg 41 16-208h.jpg 172 "Equisetum arvense shoot apex cross section of apex and lateral branches, showing cortical ribs and fused microphyllous leaves." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 83 Lab09
16-207 16-207t.jpg 16-207v.jpg 67 16-207h.jpg 229 Equisetum intermedium stem showing highly silicified rib. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 84 Lab09
16-206 16-206t.jpg 16-206v.jpg 34 16-206h.jpg 149 "Equisetum arvense stem cross section at the node, showing lateral branch apices located opposite the leaf midribs." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 85 Lab09
16-205 16-205t.jpg 16-205v.jpg 76 16-205h.jpg 247 Equisetum hyamale vascular bundle in rhizome. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 86 Lab09
16-204 16-204t.jpg 16-204v.jpg 48 16-204h.jpg 174 Equisetum stem with carinal and vallecular canals. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 87 Lab09
16-203 16-203t.jpg 16-203v.jpg 44 16-203h.jpg 150 Equisetum intermedium vascular bundle in aerial stem. Note location of the endodermis. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 88 Lab09
16-202 16-202t.jpg 16-202v.jpg 41 16-202h.jpg 147 Equisetum hyamale endodermis with conspicuous Casparian strips. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 89 Lab09
16-201 16-201t.jpg 16-201v.jpg 85 16-201h.jpg 311 "Equisetum arvense nodal region. Note interruption of vallecular canals, pith opening." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 90 Lab09
16-200 16-200t.jpg 16-200v.jpg 62 16-200h.jpg 242 "Equisetum branch before emergence through the leaf sheath, as viewed in median longitudinal section." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 91 Lab09
16-199 16-199t.jpg 16-199v.jpg 51 16-199h.jpg 200 "Equisetum intermedium young root, showing canal system and central vasculature." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 92 Lab09
16-198 16-198t.jpg 16-198v.jpg 70 16-198h.jpg 266 Equisetum intermedium older root vasculature "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 93 Lab09
16-197 16-197t.jpg 16-197v.jpg 50 16-197h.jpg 193 "Equisetum intermedium vascular bundle, showing carinal canal, protoxylem, metaxylem, phloem." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 94 Lab09
16-196 16-196t.jpg 16-196v.jpg 62 16-196h.jpg 225 Equisetum intermedium another root "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 95 Lab09
16-195 16-195t.jpg 16-195v.jpg 48 16-195h.jpg 174 Equisetum intermedium lateral root formation. Note the prominent apical cell and relative position of different cell layers. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 96 Lab09
16-194 16-194t.jpg 16-194v.jpg 76 16-194h.jpg 313 "Equisetum root apex, showing apical cell, root axis and root cap." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 97 Lab09
16-193 16-193t.jpg 16-193v.jpg 47 16-193h.jpg 194 "Equisetum root apex shown at higher magnification, showing the four cutting faces of apical cell. Its derivatives are evident in root axis and root cap." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 98 Lab09
16-192 16-192t.jpg 16-192v.jpg 48 16-192h.jpg 202 "Equisetum shoot apex, showing apical cell, merophytes and pattern of leaf initiation." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 99 Lab09
16-191 16-191t.jpg 16-191v.jpg 58 16-191h.jpg 202 Equisetum sporangium with mature spores and elators. Note structure of endothecial thickenings and cell layers in sporangial wall. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 100 Lab09
16-190 16-190t.jpg 16-190v.jpg 66 16-190h.jpg 274 "Equisetum sporangiophore, innervated with central vascular bundle, visible here." "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, sporophyte" 101 Lab09
16-189 16-189t.jpg 16-189v.jpg 32 16-189h.jpg 146 Equisetum gametophyte with antheridia. Note rhizoids and marginal placement of gametangia. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 102 Lab09
16-188 16-188t.jpg 16-188v.jpg 70 16-188h.jpg 262 Equisetum gametophyte showing the organization of the prothallus tissue. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 103 Lab09
16-187 16-187t.jpg 16-187v.jpg 54 16-187h.jpg 212 Equisetum antheridium at near maturity. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 104 Lab09
16-186 16-186t.jpg 16-186v.jpg 54 16-186h.jpg 210 Equisetum antheridium at near maturity. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 105 Lab09
16-185 16-185t.jpg 16-185v.jpg 62 16-185h.jpg 246 Equisetum antheridium nearly at maturity. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 106 Lab09
16-184 16-184t.jpg 16-184v.jpg 54 16-184h.jpg 240 Equisetum antheridium near maturity. Note the single-cell layer forming the operculum through which the sperm cells are released. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 107 Lab09
16-183 16-183t.jpg 16-183v.jpg 59 16-183h.jpg 258 Equisetum gametophyte showing placement of archegonia and antheridis "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 108 Lab09
16-182 16-182t.jpg 16-182v.jpg 49 16-182h.jpg 197 Equisetum anteridia with nearly mature sperm cells. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 109 Lab09
16-181 16-181t.jpg 16-181v.jpg 50 16-181h.jpg 196 Equisetum archegonia with eggs "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 110 Lab09
16-180 16-180t.jpg 16-180v.jpg 47 16-180h.jpg 189 Equisetum embryo during early development. "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, gametophyte" 111 Lab09
16-179 16-179t.jpg 16-179v.jpg 84 16-179h.jpg 558 Equiseturm maturing embryo with protective leaves surrounding the apex. 111.1 Lab09
16-equise equisetum-embryo-t.jpg equisetum-embryo-v.jpg 152 equisetum-embryo-h.jpg 538 Embryogenesis in Equisetum from Wardlaw (1954). "Sphenophyta, Equisetales, embryogenesis" 111.2 Lab09
16-082 16-082t.jpg 16-082v.jpg 67 16-082h.jpg 411 "Zosterophyllophyte in the Devonian. Strobili consist of reniform sporangia on short laterals, and increasing vegetative complexity." "Museum, Devonian, Zosterophyllophyta" 119 Lab10
16-081 16-081t.jpg 16-081v.jpg 213 16-081h.jpg 435 "Psilophyton princeps, a Trimerophyte. Plants in this group are believed to be the source of most vascular land plants." "Museum, Devonian, Trimerophyta" 120 Lab10
16-084 16-084t.jpg 16-084v.jpg 109 16-084h.jpg 472 Reconstruction of a Devonian scene. A diorama by the Milwaukee Public Museum. "Museum, Devonian" 121 Lab10
16-105 16-105t.jpg 16-105v.jpg 157 16-105h.jpg 2151 Botrychium rhizome displaying secondary xylem. Note fibrous matrix with leaf and root traces. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 122 Lab12
16-106 16-106t.jpg 16-106v.jpg 124 16-106h.jpg 1484 "Botrychium rhizome periderm, a secondary tissue that replaces the epidermis." "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 123 Lab12
16-107 16-107t.jpg 16-107v.jpg 143 16-107h.jpg 1764 Botrychium rhizome vascular cambium and secondary xylem. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 124 Lab12
16-108 16-108t.jpg 16-108v.jpg 183 16-108h.jpg 2184 Botrychium stipe showing the vasculature of the fertile (lower) and sterile (upper) pinnae. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 125 Lab12
16-116 16-116t.jpg 16-116v.jpg 126 16-116h.jpg 1662 Botrychium stipe showing departure of fertile vasculature. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 125.5 Lab12
16-109 16-109t.jpg 16-109v.jpg 159 16-109h.jpg 985 Botrychium root showing general morphology and central protostele. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 126 Lab12
16-115 16-115t.jpg 16-115v.jpg 158 16-115h.jpg 1629 Botrychium shoot apex with multiple layers of foliar units developing from the inside. Only one foliar unit matures each year. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 126.5 Lab12
16-110 16-110t.jpg 16-110v.jpg 170 16-110h.jpg 1901 Botrychium root vascular core showing central stele. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 127 Lab12
16-111 16-111t.jpg 16-111v.jpg 110 16-111h.jpg 1579 "Botrychium sporangium during late sporogenesis, showing its eusporangiate nature. Note tapetum and early post-meiotic spores." "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 128 Lab12
16-112 16-112t.jpg 16-112v.jpg 133 16-112h.jpg 1461 Botrychium sporagium nearing maturity. Spores dry as they near dispersal. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 129 Lab12
16-113 16-113t.jpg 16-113v.jpg 142 16-113h.jpg 1627 Botrychium gametophyte displaying a layer of endophytic fungus. Gametangia develop on the underside. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 130 Lab12
16-114 16-114t.jpg 16-114v.jpg 138 16-114h.jpg 1663 Botrychium gametophyte with antheridia at different developmental stages and archegonia nearby. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Botrychium" 131 Lab12
16-emb embryo-ophioglossaceae-t.png embryo-ophioglossaceae-v.png 60 embryo-ophioglossaceae-h.png 150 Embryogenesis in Ophioglossaceae from Wardlaw (1955). "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales" 131.5 Lab12
16-emb embryo-ophioglossaceae-legend-t.png embryo-ophioglossaceae-legend-v.png 31 embryo-ophioglossaceae-legend-h.png 73 Embryogenesis in Ophioglossaceae legend corresponding to prior images from Wardlaw (1955). "Pteridophyta, Ophiglossales" 131.51 Lab12
16-117 16-117t.jpg 16-117v.jpg 119 16-117h.jpg 890 Ophioglossum stipe showing vaculature of the foliar unit. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 134 Lab12
16-118 16-118t.jpg 16-118v.jpg 114 16-118h.jpg 1451 Ophioglossum fertile spike showing synangiate eusporangia and connective material in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 135 Lab12
16-119 16-119t.jpg 16-119v.jpg 163 16-119h.jpg 1239 Ophioglossum fertile spike showing synangiate eusporangia and vasculature in longitudinal section. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 136 Lab12
16-120 16-120t.jpg 16-120v.jpg 154 16-120h.jpg 1742 "Ophioglossum eusporangium showing maturing spores, sporangial walls and tapetum." "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 137 Lab12
16-121 16-121t.jpg 16-121v.jpg 144 16-121h.jpg 1649 Ophioglossum root showing general morphology. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Ophioglossum" 138 Lab12
16-122 16-122t.jpg 16-122v.jpg 200 16-122h.jpg 2005 Helminthostachys rhizome showing secondary growth and vascular cambium. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Helminthostachys" 139 Lab12
16-123 16-123t.jpg 16-123v.jpg 204 16-123h.jpg 1999 Helminthostachys root showing stelar organization and cortex. "Pteridophyta, Ophioglossales, Helminthostachys" 140 Lab12
16-124 16-124t.jpg 16-124v.jpg 154 16-124h.jpg 481 Angiopteris plant showing large fronds and pinnae (taken in Tahiti). "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 141 Lab12
16-125 16-125t.jpg 16-125v.jpg 97 16-125h.jpg 1120 Angiopteris rhizome showing the base of its large fronds and clasping stipules. Multiple aphlebiae are evident on the stipe. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 142 Lab12
16-126 16-126t.jpg 16-126v.jpg 82 16-126h.jpg 1265 "Angiopteris rhizome is vertical, massive and usually quite slow growing." "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 143 Lab12
16-127 16-127t.jpg 16-127v.jpg 252 16-127h.jpg 3072 Angiopteris root vasculature and stelar structure. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 144 Lab12
16-128 16-128t.jpg 16-128v.jpg 230 16-128h.jpg 2926 Angiopteris root vasculature and stelar structure in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 145 Lab12
16-129 16-129t.jpg 16-129v.jpg 162 16-129h.jpg 2376 Angiopteris root vasculature and stele in longitudinal section. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 146 Lab12
16-130 16-130t.jpg 16-130v.jpg 139 16-130h.jpg 1148 Angiopteris root detail showing weak secondary vasculature and cortical interface in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 147 Lab12
16-131 16-131t.jpg 16-131v.jpg 83 16-131h.jpg 1083 Angiopteris sporangia showing the separate nature of their eusporangia. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 148 Lab12
16-132 16-132t.jpg 16-132v.jpg 123 16-132h.jpg 1297 Angiopteris sporangia showing separation at the base of the eusporangia. Dehiscence line is longitudinal. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Angiopteris" 149 Lab12
16-133 16-133t.jpg 16-133v.jpg 77 16-133h.jpg 1089 Danea synangium showing abaxial laterally fused eusporangia. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Danea" 150 Lab12
16-134 16-134t.jpg 16-134v.jpg 119 16-134h.jpg 1282 Danea synangium with lateral fusion of eusporangia and abaxial line of dehiscence. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Danea" 151 Lab12
16-135 16-135t.jpg 16-135v.jpg 142 16-135h.jpg 1468 Marattia synangium in longitudinal section with internally opening lines of dehiscence of the eusporangia. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Marattia" 152 Lab12
16-136 16-136t.jpg 16-136v.jpg 119 16-136h.jpg 1377 Marattia synangium in cross section. Sori are fused and separated from the abaxial surface of the frond. The unusual internally dehiscent eusporangia are evident. "Pteridophyta, Marattiales, Marattia" 153 Lab12
16-emb embryo-angiopteris-t.png embryo-angiopteris-v.png 43 embryo-angiopteris-h.png 120 "Embryogenesis in Marattiales - Angiopteris, Danaea, Marattia from Wardlaw (1955)" "Pteridophyta, Marattiales" 153.001 Lab13
16-163 16-163t.jpg 16-163v.jpg 111 16-163h.jpg 1131 Gleichenia sp. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.01 Lab13
16-164 16-164t.jpg 16-164v.jpg 81 16-164h.jpg 876 Asplenium nidis - bird's nest fern "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.02 Lab13
16-144 16-144t.jpg 16-144v.jpg 148 16-144h.jpg 1814 Circinate vernation of fronds is typical of ferns and may occur in several orders of pinnae. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.19 Lab13
16-137 16-137t.jpg 16-137v.jpg 198 16-137h.jpg 1442 Tree fern apex showing developing frond. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2 Lab13
16-138 16-138t.jpg 16-138v.jpg 70 16-138h.jpg 1111 Frond organization is composed of often repeating elements of fractal-like nature. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2 Lab13
16-139 16-139t.jpg 16-139v.jpg 275 16-139h.jpg 2275 Dicksonia antarctica in Australia "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2 Lab13
16-140 16-140t.jpg 16-140v.jpg 260 16-140h.jpg 1447 Dicksonia antarctica in Australia "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2 Lab13
16-141 16-141t.jpg 16-141v.jpg 134 16-141h.jpg 1791 Tree fern shoot apex showing frond maturation "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.2 Lab13
16-142 16-142t.jpg 16-142v.jpg 257 16-142h.jpg 2876 Dicksonia antarctica may become as tall as 4-5 meters (to 18 feet). Fronds are often a meter or longer "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit, ecology" 153.2 Lab13
16-143 16-143t.jpg 16-143v.jpg 331 16-143h.jpg 3248 Tree fern forest in New Zealand temperate rain forest. Tree ferns may dominate the understory. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit, ecology" 153.29 Lab13
16-165 16-165t.jpg 16-165v.jpg 136 16-165h.jpg 1988 "Cyathea dealbata - Ponga, Silver Tree Fern is a native tree fern of New Zealand." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.3 Lab13
16-166 16-166t.jpg 16-166v.jpg 84 16-166h.jpg 366 "Dicksonia antarctica - tree fern, taken at Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve, Australian Capital Territory near Canberra." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, habit" 153.3 Lab13
16-147 16-147t.jpg 16-147v.jpg 149 16-147h.jpg 1963 Lygodium rhizome showing the stele and fibrous cortical cells. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 154 Lab13
16-146 16-146t.jpg 16-146v.jpg 157 16-146h.jpg 1875 Lygodium rhizome medullated (or vitalized) protostele. Note the parenchyma cells amid the tracheids. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 155 Lab13
16-145 16-145t.jpg 16-145v.jpg 213 16-145h.jpg 3738 Gleichenia rhizome with medullated protostele. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 156 Lab13
16-155 16-155t.jpg 16-155v.jpg 144 16-155h.jpg 1544 Gleichenia rhizome showing divergence of presumed root trace. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 157 Lab13
16-151 16-151t.jpg 16-151v.jpg 160 16-151h.jpg 1818 Osmunda rhizome with ectophloic dissected siphonostele (eustele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 158 Lab13
16-152 16-152t.jpg 16-152v.jpg 105 16-152h.jpg 1578 Osmunda eustele with mesarch maturation. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, vegetative" 158.5 Lab13
16-150 16-150t.jpg 16-150v.jpg 133 16-150h.jpg 2028 Osmunda rhizome divergence of root and frond traces. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 159 Lab13
16-148 16-148t.jpg 16-148v.jpg 162 16-148h.jpg 2122 "Osmunda rhizome divergence of leaf trace, forming leaf gap." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 160 Lab13
16-149 16-149t.jpg 16-149v.jpg 148 16-149h.jpg 2572 Osmunda rhizome root trace. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 162 Lab13
16-153 16-153t.jpg 16-153v.jpg 135 16-153h.jpg 1678 Osmunda with mesarch xylem maturation in ectophloic dissected siphonostele (eustele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 163 Lab13
16-156 16-156t.jpg 16-156v.jpg 153 16-156h.jpg 1342 Dicksonia rhizome "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 164 Lab13
16-157 16-157t.jpg 16-157v.jpg 131 16-157h.jpg 1704 Dicksonia rhizome "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 165 Lab13
16-154 16-154t.jpg 16-154v.jpg 191 16-154h.jpg 2289 Amphiphloic siphonostele showing divergence of root trace. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 166 Lab13
16-158 16-158t.jpg 16-158v.jpg 172 16-158h.jpg 2553 Adiantum rhizome with diverging frond trace and true leaf gap. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 167 Lab13
16-159 16-159t.jpg 16-159v.jpg 230 16-159h.jpg 1910 Polypodium rhizome with dissected amphiphloic siphonostele (dictyostele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 168 Lab13
16-160 16-160t.jpg 16-160v.jpg 77 16-160h.jpg 1273 Polypodium rhizome with dissected amphiphloic siphonostele (dictyostele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 169 Lab13
16-161 16-161t.jpg 16-161v.jpg 163 16-161h.jpg 1888 "Pteridium rhizome dissected dictyostele, which contains variegated meristeles, and many different stelar elements." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 170 Lab13
16-162 16-162t.jpg 16-162v.jpg 258 16-162h.jpg 3457 Matonia rhizome with cyclic amphiphloic siphonostele (solenostele). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, stelar anatomy" 171 Lab13
16-167 16-167t.jpg 16-167v.jpg 24 16-167h.jpg 99 Lygodium sporangium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 200 Lab14
16-317 16-317t.jpg 16-317v.jpg 47 16-317h.jpg 175 Lygodium sporangium in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 200.5 Lab14
16-168 16-168t.jpg 16-168v.jpg 35 16-168h.jpg 133 Anemia mexicana sporangium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 201 Lab14
16-169 16-169t.jpg 16-169v.jpg 39 16-169h.jpg 146 Hymenophyllum sorus "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 202 Lab14
16-170 16-170t.jpg 16-170v.jpg 69 16-170h.jpg 246 Trichomanes sorus "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 203 Lab14
16-171 16-171t.jpg 16-171v.jpg 23 16-171h.jpg 94 Trichomanes sporangium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 204 Lab14
16-315 16-315t.jpg 16-315v.jpg 31 16-315h.jpg 127 Gleichenia sorus "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 205 Lab14
16-316 16-316t.jpg 16-316v.jpg 28 16-316h.jpg 108 Trichomanes sporangia "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 206 Lab14
16-314 16-314t.jpg 16-314v.jpg 66 16-314h.jpg 264 Trichomanes sporangia in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 207 Lab14
16-248 16-248t.jpg 16-248v.jpg 39 16-248h.jpg 159 Osmunda sporangia in darkfield microscopy "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 208 Lab14
16-247 16-247t.jpg 16-247v.jpg 78 16-247h.jpg 296 Osmunda sporangia & sorus in cross section "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 209 Lab14
16-245 16-245t.jpg 16-245v.jpg 36 16-245h.jpg 151 Cyathea sporangia in darkfield microscopy "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 210 Lab14
16-246 16-246t.jpg 16-246v.jpg 48 16-246h.jpg 177 Cyathea sporangia in cross section "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 211 Lab14
16-249 16-249t.jpg 16-249v.jpg 58 16-249h.jpg 245 Onoclea sori are located on fertile pinnae "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 212 Lab14
16-311 16-311t.jpg 16-311v.jpg 44 16-311h.jpg 178 Cyrtomium sporangia in darkfield microscopy "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 213 Lab14
16-310 16-310t.jpg 16-310v.jpg 85 16-310h.jpg 322 Cyrtomium falcatum sorus with peltate indusium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 214 Lab14
16-307 16-307t.jpg 16-307v.jpg 48 16-307h.jpg 202 Pteridium sporangia in cross section showing developmental stages "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 215 Lab14
16-309 16-309t.jpg 16-309v.jpg 78 16-309h.jpg 287 Polypodium sorus showing sporangia at many developmental stages "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 216 Lab14
16-308 16-308t.jpg 16-308v.jpg 21 16-308h.jpg 106 Polypodium sporangium "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 217 Lab14
16-306 16-306t.jpg 16-306v.jpg 135 16-306h.jpg 135 "Fern prothallus or gametophyte. Gametangia are present on the archegonial pad, beneath the apical notch and above rhizoids." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive" 230 Lab14
16-305 16-305t.jpg 16-305v.jpg 272 16-305h.jpg 272 Fern archgonia on archegonial pad. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive" 231 Lab14
16-303 16-303t.jpg 16-303v.jpg 226 16-303h.jpg 226 Fern antheridia beneath the apical notch. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive" 232 Lab14
16-304 16-304t.jpg 16-304v.jpg 211 16-304h.jpg 211 Fern archegonia in cross section. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, sexual reproductive" 233 Lab14
16-302 16-302t.jpg 16-302v.jpg 120 16-302h.jpg 120 Fern antheridium with nearly mature sperm cells. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 234 Lab14
16-178 16-178t.jpg 16-178v.jpg 187 16-178h.jpg 187 Fern embryo developing from an archegonium near the center of the gametophyte. "Pteridophyta, Filicales, reproductive" 235 Lab14
16-emb embryo-fern-zygotes-t.png embryo-fern-zygotes-v.png 46 embryo-fern-zygotes-h.png 104 Overview of fern embryogenesis from Wardlaw (1955). "Pteridophyta, Filicales" 235.1 Lab14
16-emb embryo-osmunda-matonia-t.png embryo-osmunda-matonia-v.png 96 embryo-osmunda-matonia-h.png 155 Embryogenesis in Osmunda and Matonia from Wardlaw (1955). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, Osmunda, Matonia" 235.2 Lab14
16-emb embryo-gymnogramme-t.png embryo-gymnogramme-v.png 68 embryo-gymnogramme-h.png 199 "Embryogenesis in Gymnogramme a filicalean fern, from Wardlaw (1955)." "Pteridophyta, Filicales, Gymnogamme" 235.3 Lab14
16-emb embryo-pteris-t.png embryo-pteris-v.png 78 embryo-pteris-h.png 123 Embryogenesis in Pteris from Wardlaw (1955). "Pteridophyta, Filicales, Pteris" 235.4 Lab14
16-177 16-177t.jpg 16-177v.jpg 81 16-177h.jpg 377 Marsilea rhizome with highly sclerified cortical walls. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, vegetative" 236 Lab15
16-176 16-176t.jpg 16-176v.jpg 39 16-176h.jpg 619 Marsilea sporocarp longitudinal section. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 237 Lab15
16-175 16-175t.jpg 16-175v.jpg 65 16-175h.jpg 571 Marsilea sporocarp in longitudinal section. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 238 Lab15
16-174 16-174t.jpg 16-174v.jpg 65 16-174h.jpg 972 Marsilea sporocarp showing microsporangia and megasporangia in near medium longitudinal section. Indusia evident. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 239 Lab15
16-173 16-173t.jpg 16-173v.jpg 60 16-173h.jpg 883 Marsilea sporocarp showing microsporangia and megasporangia. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 240 Lab15
16-172 16-172t.jpg 16-172v.jpg 59 16-172h.jpg 1246 Marsilea sporocarp contents containing microspores and megaspores. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 241 Lab15
16-mars marsilea-fert-bf-t.jpg marsilea-fert-bf-v.jpg 30 marsilea-fert-bf-h.jpg 157 Marsilea fertilized megasporangium. The grayish material in the surrounding gelatin consists of sperm and sperm trails. Brightfield illumination. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 241.1 Lab15
16-mars marsilea-fert2-t.jpg marsilea-fert2-v.jpg 46 marsilea-fert2-h.jpg 236 Marsilea fertilized megasporangium. The light material in surrounding gelatin are sperm and sperm trails. Darkfield illumination. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 241.2 Lab15
16-mars marsilea-spermlake2-t.jpg marsilea-spermlake2-v.jpg 33 marsilea-spermlake2-h.jpg 192 Marsilea fertilized megasporangium. The light material in surrounding gelatin are sperm and sperm trails. Darkfield illumination. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 241.3 Lab15
16-mars marsilea-sperm-40-125a-t.jpg marsilea-sperm-40-125a-v.jpg 15 marsilea-sperm-40-125a-h.jpg 141 Marsilea sperm cells in the gelatin matrix surrounding the megagametophyte. Differential interference contrast microscopy. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 241.4 Lab15
16-mars marsilea-archneck-t.jpg marsilea-archneck-v.jpg 31 marsilea-archneck-h.jpg 175 Marsilea fertilized megasporangiumwith sperm and sperm trails in the sperm lake. Interference contrast microscopy. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 241.5 Lab15
16-mars marsilea-archneck-vert-t.jpg marsilea-archneck-vert-v.jpg 30 marsilea-archneck-vert-h.jpg 171 Marsilea fertilized megasporangium with archegonial neck cells showing and disintegrated axial row. Many sperm cells are present in the matrix. "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 241.6 Lab15
16-250 16-250-t.jpg 16-250-v.jpg 133 16-250-h.jpg 479 "Azolla sporocarps megasporocarps and microsporocarps, completing the separation of sexes in the heterosporous ferns." "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, heterosporous reproduction" 242 Lab15
16-emb embryo-marsileales-t.png embryo-marsileales-v.png 89 embryo-marsileales-h.png 242.1 Embryogenesis in heterosporous ferns from Wardlaw (1955). "Pteridophyta, Marsileales, Salviniales" 141.9 Lab12
16-266 16-266t.jpg 16-266v.jpg 62 16-266h.jpg 249 "Cycas revoluta female cone, consisting of loose sporophylls." "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 250 Lab18
16-265 16-265t.jpg 16-265v.jpg 139 16-265h.jpg 324 Cycas revoluta male cone. "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 251 Lab18
16-264 16-264t.jpg 16-264v.jpg 123 16-264h.jpg 561 "Dioon edule plant habit in Linares Canyon, Nuevo Leon, Mexico." "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 252 Lab18
16-263 16-263t.jpg 16-263v.jpg 95 16-263h.jpg 389 Dioon edule male cone and cycad leaf structure. "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 253 Lab18
16-262 16-262t.jpg 16-262v.jpg 118 16-262h.jpg 280 Dioon edule male cone. "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 254 Lab18
16-261 16-261t.jpg 16-261v.jpg 65 16-261h.jpg 298 Dioon edule microsporophylls with numerous microsporangia. "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 255 Lab18
16-260 16-260t.jpg 16-260v.jpg 107 16-260h.jpg 467 Encephalartos altensteini plant habit in Huntington Gardens. "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 256 Lab18
16-258 16-258t.jpg 16-258v.jpg 176 16-258h.jpg 380 Encephalartos altensteini male cone at Sydney Botanical Garden. "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 257 Lab18
16-259 16-259t.jpg 16-259v.jpg 146 16-259h.jpg 314 Encephalartos altensteini male cone at Melbourne Royal Botanical Garden. "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 258 Lab18
16-257 16-257t.jpg 16-257v.jpg 76 16-257h.jpg 352 "Encephalartos villosis male cone at Adelaide Botanical Garden, Australia." "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 259 Lab18
16-255 16-255t.jpg 16-255v.jpg 119 16-255h.jpg 529 "Microcycas calocoma, genus native to Cuba, seen at Pinar del R?o, Cuba." "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 260 Lab18
16-256 16-256t.jpg 16-256v.jpg 113 16-256h.jpg 492 "Microcycas calocoma, showing an apparently female cone, at Pinar del R?o, Cuba." "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 261 Lab18
16-251 16-251t.jpg 16-251v.jpg 77 16-251h.jpg 320 Macrozamia sp. with female cone at Sydney Botanical Garden. "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 262 Lab18
16-254 16-254t.jpg 16-254v.jpg 119 16-254h.jpg 298 "Zamia skinneri Turrialba, Costa Rica." "Cycadophyta, habit, strobilus" 263 Lab18
16-268 16-268t.jpg 16-268v.jpg 104 16-268h.jpg 523 Cycas stem cross section illustrating manoxylic development and girdling leaf traces. "Cycadophyta, vegetative" 264 Lab18
16-269 16-269t.jpg 16-269v.jpg 61 16-269h.jpg 341 Cycas petiole cross section. "Cycadophyta, vegetative" 265 Lab18
16-270 16-270t.jpg 16-270v.jpg 53 16-270h.jpg 230 Cycas petiole vascular bundle cross section. "Cycadophyta, vegetative" 266 Lab18
16-267 16-267t.jpg 16-267v.jpg 60 16-267h.jpg 255 Cycas tracheids in macerated wood. "Cycadophyta, vegetative" 266.1 Lab18
16-253 16-253-t.jpg 16-253-v.jpg 71 16-253-h.jpg 285 "Zamia male cone in cross section, showing manoxylic wood and placement of sporophylls." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microsporangiate strobilus" 266.5 Lab19
16-252 16-252-t.jpg 16-252-v.jpg 105 16-252-h.jpg 405 "Zamia male cone in cross section, showing placement of microsporangia on sporophyll." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microsporangiate strobilus" 266.51 Lab19
16-283 16-283-t.jpg 16-283-v.jpg 84 16-283-h.jpg 305 "Zamia microsporangia are frequently paired or grouped, as showin in this longitudinal section." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microsporogenesis" 266.53 Lab19
16-284 16-284-t.jpg 16-284-v.jpg 81 16-284-h.jpg 332 "Zamia young ovule, showing integument surrounding the megasporangium (=nucellus)." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, megasporogenesis" 267 Lab19
16-255 16-255-t.jpg 16-255-v.jpg 87 16-255-h.jpg 347 "Zamia young ovule, showing the broad integument surrounding the nucellus (=megasporangium)." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, megasporogenesis" 267.1 Lab19
16-287 16-287-t.jpg 16-287-v.jpg 118 16-287-h.jpg 478 "Zamia young ovule, showing micropyle formed by the integument. The female gametophyte will form at the center of the megasporangium." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, megasporogenesis" 267.12 Lab19
16-288 16-288-t.jpg 16-288-v.jpg 49 16-288-h.jpg 202 "Zamia ovule, showing free nuclear division, an initial stage of megagametogenesis." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, megagametogenesis" 267.13 Lab19
16-286 16-286-t.jpg 16-286-v.jpg 82 16-286-h.jpg 296 Zamia pollen tubes growing into the surface of the nucellus. "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, megasporogenesis" 267.2 Lab19
16-289 16-289-t.jpg 16-289-v.jpg 49 16-289-h.jpg 217 "Zamia archegonium, showing large egg cell and smaller ventral canal cell. Archegonial jacket cells develop from surrounding nucellus." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, megagametophyte" 267.21 Lab19
16-290 16-290-t.jpg 16-290-v.jpg 63 16-290-h.jpg 263 "Zamia archegonium, showing single cover cell just over the ventral canal cell. The large egg cell is just below." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, megagametophyte" 267.22 Lab19
16-291 16-291-t.jpg 16-291-v.jpg 53 16-291-h.jpg 237 "Stangeria paradoxa pollen tubes, showing male gamete development at three stages, from body cell to sperm cell formation. (Microscope slide from Chamberlain collection)." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microgametophyte" 267.3 Lab19
16-292 16-292-t.jpg 16-292-v.jpg 68 16-292-h.jpg 258 "Zamia microgametophyte, showing sperm cells forming within the region of the archegonial chamber. (Microscope slide from Chamberlain collection)." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microgametophyte" 267.31 Lab19
16-293 16-293-t.jpg 16-293-v.jpg 164 16-293-h.jpg 317 "Zamia sperm cell with a large nucleus, conspicuous nucleolus and a prominent blepharoplast, which is the organelle that organizes microtubule distribution in the cell, similar to a centriole. (Chamberlain collection)." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microgametophyte" 267.32 Lab19
16-295 16-295-t.jpg 16-295-v.jpg 65 16-295-h.jpg 261 Zamia microgametophyte elongating into the archegonial chamber. (Microscope slide from Chamberlain collection). "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microgametophyte" 267.33 Lab19
16-294 16-294-t.jpg 16-294-v.jpg 54 16-294-h.jpg 217 "Zamia microgametophytes, showing sperm cells maturing and near release, within the archegonial chamber. (Microscope slide from Chamberlain collection)." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microgametophyte" 267.34 Lab19
16-296 16-296-t.jpg 16-296-v.jpg 61 16-296-h.jpg 246 "Zamia mature sperm cell, showing numerous flagellae located in the helical multi-lamellar structure (MLS) at sperm summit. (Microscope slide from Chamberlain collection)." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microgametophyte" 267.4 Lab19
16-zam zamia-sperm-t.jpg zamia-sperm-v.jpg 141 zamia-sperm-h.jpg 263 "Zamia sperm cell, activated within the microgametophyte. Original microscope slide by Chamberlain." "Cycadophyta, reproductive, male gamete" 267.42 Lab19
16-297 16-297-t.jpg 16-297-v.jpg 43 16-297-h.jpg 198 "Zamia mature sperm cell, showing numerous flagellae located in the helical multi-lamellar structure (MLS) at the summit of the cell. (Microscope slide from Chamberlain collection)." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, microgametophyte" 267.45 Lab19
16-298 16-298-t.jpg 16-298-v.jpg 65 16-298-h.jpg 308 "Zamia embryogenesis showing the apex of the embryo, deep within the megagametophyte." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, embryogenesis" 267.61 Lab19
16-299 16-299-t.jpg 16-299-v.jpg 63 16-299-h.jpg 261 "Zamia embryogenesis showing the apex of the embryo, deep within the megagametophyte. Cotyledons have not yet formed." "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, embryogenesis" 267.62 Lab19
16-301 16-301-t.jpg 16-301-v.jpg 70 16-301-h.jpg 301 Zamia embryogenesis showing maturing embryo. "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, embryogenesis" 267.63 Lab19
16-300 16-300-t.jpg 16-300-v.jpg 81 16-300-h.jpg 344 Zamia embryogenesis showing maturing embryo. "Cycadophyta, Cycadales, reproductive, embryogenesis" 267.64 Lab19
16-emb embryo-cycad-t.png embryo-cycad-v.png 47 embryo-cycad-h.png 137 Embryogenesis in Cycads "Cycadophyta, Cycadales" 267.8 Lab19
16-emb embryo-cycad-legend-t.png embryo-cycad-legend-v.png 15 embryo-cycad-legend-h.png 33 Embryogenesis in Cycads legend corresponding to prior images from Wardlaw (1955). "Cycadophyta, Cycadales" 267.81 Lab19
16-273 16-273t.jpg 16-273v.jpg 114 16-273h.jpg 477 "Ginkgo biloba short shoot, showing manoxylic wood." "Ginkgophyta, vegetative" 268 Lab18
16-272 16-272t.jpg 16-272v.jpg 96 16-272h.jpg 390 "Ginkgo biloba long shoot, showing pycnoxylic wood." "Ginkgophyta, vegetative" 268.5 Lab18
16-282 16-282t.jpg 16-282v.jpg 88 16-282h.jpg 404 Ginkgo biloga shoot apex "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 269 Lab19
16-274 16-274t.jpg 16-274v.jpg 152 16-274h.jpg 332 Ginkgo male sporangiophyll "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 270 Lab19
16-275 16-275t.jpg 16-275v.jpg 43 16-275h.jpg 194 Ginkgo pollen development "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 271 Lab19
16-276 16-276t.jpg 16-276v.jpg 63 16-276h.jpg 346 Ginkgo ovule with thick integuments located on female sporangiophyll. "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 272 Lab19
16-277 16-277t.jpg 16-277v.jpg 200 16-277h.jpg 429 Ginkgo ovule showing thick integuments and nucellus "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 273 Lab19
16-278 16-278t.jpg 16-278v.jpg 95 16-278h.jpg 222 Ginkgo ovule showing free nuclear division during megagametogenesis. "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 274 Lab19
16-279 16-279t.jpg 16-279v.jpg 75 16-279h.jpg 364 Ginkgo megagametophyte showing cell layering and storage nutrition. "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 275.1 Lab19
16-280 16-280t.jpg 16-280v.jpg 72 16-280h.jpg 359 Ginkgo megagametophyte with archegonium. "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 275.2 Lab19
16-281 16-281t.jpg 16-281v.jpg 176 16-281h.jpg 396 Ginkgo biloga embryo shoot apex. "Ginkgophyta, reproductive" 275.3 Lab19
16-emb embryo-ginkgo-t.png embryo-ginkgo-v.png 93 embryo-ginkgo-h.png 159 Embryogenesis in Ginkgo from Wardlaw (1955). "Ginkgophyta, Ginkgo" 275.4 Lab19
16-emb embryo-ginkgo-legend-t.png embryo-ginkgo-legend-v.png 9 embryo-ginkgo-legend-h.png 20 Embryogenesis in Ginkgo legend corresponding to prior images from Wardlaw (1955). "Ginkgophyta, Ginkgo" 275.41 Lab19
16-335 16-335t.jpg 16-335v.jpg 59 16-335h.jpg 451
16-336 16-336t.jpg 16-336v.jpg 58 16-336h.jpg 427
16-337 16-337t.jpg 16-337v.jpg 59 16-337h.jpg 410
16-338 16-338t.jpg 16-338v.jpg 133 16-338h.jpg 446
16-339 16-339t.jpg 16-339v.jpg 81 16-339h.jpg 534
16-340 16-340t.jpg 16-340v.jpg 40 16-340h.jpg 148
16-341 16-341t.jpg 16-341v.jpg 96 16-341h.jpg 405
16-342 16-342t.jpg 16-342v.jpg 96 16-342h.jpg 669
16-343 16-343t.jpg 16-343v.jpg 92 16-343h.jpg 422
16-344 16-344t.jpg 16-344v.jpg 154 16-344h.jpg 540
16-345 16-345t.jpg 16-345v.jpg 129 16-345h.jpg 536
16-346 16-346t.jpg 16-346v.jpg 347 16-346h.jpg 513
16-347 16-347t.jpg 16-347v.jpg 25 16-347h.jpg 647
16-348 16-348t.jpg 16-348v.jpg 61 16-348h.jpg 661
16-349 16-349t.jpg 16-349v.jpg 115 16-349h.jpg 505
16-350 16-350t.jpg 16-350v.jpg 80 16-350h.jpg 246
16-351 16-351t.jpg 16-351v.jpg 158 16-351h.jpg 997
16-352 16-352t.jpg 16-352v.jpg 64 16-352h.jpg 281
16-353 16-353t.jpg 16-353v.jpg 67 16-353h.jpg 428
16-354 16-354t.jpg 16-354v.jpg 148 16-354h.jpg 667
16-355 16-355t.jpg 16-355v.jpg 100 16-355h.jpg 644
16-356 16-356t.jpg 16-356v.jpg 64 16-356h.jpg 268
16-357 16-357t.jpg 16-357v.jpg 57 16-357h.jpg 458
16-358 16-358t.jpg 16-358v.jpg 198 16-358h.jpg 374
16-359 16-359t.jpg 16-359v.jpg 183 16-359h.jpg 800
16-360 16-360t.jpg 16-360v.jpg 116 16-360h.jpg 874
16-361 16-361t.jpg 16-361v.jpg 99 16-361h.jpg 531
16-362 16-362t.jpg 16-362v.jpg 125 16-362h.jpg 1159
16-363 16-363t.jpg 16-363v.jpg 178 16-363h.jpg 757
16-364 16-364t.jpg 16-364v.jpg 211 16-364h.jpg 966
16-365 16-365t.jpg 16-365v.jpg 238 16-365h.jpg 817
16-366 16-366t.jpg 16-366v.jpg 122 16-366h.jpg 1069
16-367 16-367t.jpg 16-367v.jpg 97 16-367h.jpg 1064
16-368 16-368t.jpg 16-368v.jpg 200 16-368h.jpg 1056
16-369 16-369t.jpg 16-369v.jpg 280 16-369h.jpg 897
16-370 16-370t.jpg 16-370v.jpg 227 16-370h.jpg 780
16-371 16-371t.jpg 16-371v.jpg 118 16-371h.jpg 865
16-372 16-372t.jpg 16-372v.jpg 118 16-372h.jpg 906
16-373 16-373t.jpg 16-373v.jpg 113 16-373h.jpg 799
16-374 16-374t.jpg 16-374v.jpg 134 16-374h.jpg 647
16-375 16-375t.jpg 16-375v.jpg 286 16-375h.jpg 1360
16-376 16-376t.jpg 16-376v.jpg 156 16-376h.jpg 1359
16-377 16-377t.jpg 16-377v.jpg 261 16-377h.jpg 1485
16-378 16-378t.jpg 16-378v.jpg 191 16-378h.jpg 946
16-379 16-379t.jpg 16-379v.jpg 113 16-379h.jpg 420
16-380 16-380t.jpg 16-380v.jpg 208 16-380h.jpg 763
16-381 16-381t.jpg 16-381v.jpg 271 16-381h.jpg 1117
16-382 16-382t.jpg 16-382v.jpg 258 16-382h.jpg 1285
16-383 16-383t.jpg 16-383v.jpg 314 16-383h.jpg 1272
16-384 16-384t.jpg 16-384v.jpg 180 16-384h.jpg 914
16-emb embryo-pinus-t.png embryo-pinus-v.png 38 embryo-pinus-h.png 91 Embryogenesis in Pinus from Wardlaw (1955). "Coniferophyta, Pinophyta, Pinales, Pinaceae"
16-evo evolution-cupule-t.png evolution-cupule-v.png 61 evolution-cupule-h.png 164 Evolution of the second integument from Stewart and Rothwell (1992) "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-evo evolution-lepidodendrales-t.png evolution-lepidodendrales-v.png 20 evolution-lepidodendrales-h.png 44 Evolution of ovule postion on sporophyll from Stewart and Rothwell (1992). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-evo evolution-microphylls-t.png evolution-microphylls-v.png 24 evolution-microphylls-h.png 64 Evolution of Microsporophylls - in Lycophyta (left) and Sphenophyta (right) from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Paleobotany"
16-evo evolution-microsporophyll-t.png evolution-microsporophyll-v.png 18 evolution-microsporophyll-h.png 41 "Origin of Lycophyta sporophyll by phyletic slide, from Stewart & Rothwell (1993)." "Evolution, Lecture, Sporophyll"
16-evo evolution-of-integument-t.png evolution-of-integument-v.png 44 evolution-of-integument-h.png 129 Origin of integument by the telome theory from Stewart & Rothwell (1993) "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-evo evolution-ovule-pollination-droplet-t.png evolution-ovule-pollination-droplet-v.png 73 evolution-ovule-pollination-droplet-h.png 162 Pollination droplets - earliest evidence of an old mechanism from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-evo evolution-pre-cupule-t.png evolution-pre-cupule-v.png 64 evolution-pre-cupule-h.png 159 Origin of integument by the telome theory from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-evo evolution-protolepidodendrales-t.png evolution-protolepidodendrales-v.png 17 evolution-protolepidodendrales-h.png 37 Origin of Protolepidodenralean sporangial position according to telome theory from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-evo evolution-sporangial-position-summary-t.png evolution-sporangial-position-summary-v.png 51 evolution-sporangial-position-summary-h.png 126 Summary of origin of sporangial position from Stewart & Rothwell (1993) "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-lyg lyginopteris-t.png lyginopteris-v.png 58 lyginopteris-h.png 133 "Lyginopteris oldhamia,/B> leaves and reproductive organs from Stewart & Rothwell (1993)." "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-lyg lyginopteris-summary-t.png lyginopteris-summary-v.png 88 lyginopteris-summary-h.png 227 Overview of Lyginopterid from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-ovu ovule-eurystoma-t.png ovule-eurystoma-v.png 31 ovule-eurystoma-h.png 45 Eurystoma ovule telome truss from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-ovu ovule-evolution-t.png ovule-evolution-v.png 47 ovule-evolution-h.png 123 Overview of ovule evolution from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-ovu ovule-lagenostoma-t.png ovule-lagenostoma-v.png 41 ovule-lagenostoma-h.png 93 Laginostoma ovoides cupulate ovule from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-ovu ovule-lagenostome-t.png ovule-lagenostome-v.png 22 ovule-lagenostome-h.png 48 Organization of the lagenostome in early ovules from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule"
16-ovu ovule-pinus-t.png ovule-pinus-v.png 23 ovule-pinus-h.png 50 Pinus ovule schematic from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Ovule" Lab21
16-pha phaseolus-t.png phaseolus-v.png 30 phaseolus-h.png 72 Hypogeal maturation in Phaseolus from Troll (1938) "Evolution, Lecture, Seed germination"
16-ric ricinus-t.png ricinus-v.png 34 ricinus-h.png 84 Epigeal maturation in Ricinus from Troll (1938). "Evolution, Lecture, Seed Germination"
16-telome telome-theory-1-t.png telome-theory-1-v.png 37 telome-theory-1-h.png 105 "Telome concepts: syngenesis, reduction, fusion, recurvation. Illustration from Stewart & Rothwell (1993)." "Evolution, Lecture, Telome theory"
16-telome telome-theory-megaphyll-t.png telome-theory-megaphyll-v.png 30 telome-theory-megaphyll-h.png 77 Origin of the megaphyll using the telome theory to obtain modern leaf organization from Stewart & Rothwell (1993). "Evolution, Lecture, Telome theory"
16-typ type-ideal-plants-t.png type-ideal-plants-v.png 35 type-ideal-plants-h.png 71 "Comparative growth patterns from early ontogeny help to determine the overall organization of plants (illustration from Troll, 1938)." "Evolution, Lecture, General Homology" Lab01
16-typ type-seed-plant-t.png type-seed-plant-v.png 31 type-seed-plant-h.png 68 Another Idealized Plant with a modernesque look. "Evolution, Lecture, General Homology" Lab01
16-urp urpflanze-t.png urpflanze-v.png 45 urpflanze-h.png 116 "Urpflanze is an ultimate plant with all potential organs at all developmental stages, regarded as a basis for plant comparison and change (illustration from Troll, 1938)." "Evolution, Lecture, General Homology" Lab01
16-213 16-213-t.jpg 16-213-v.jpg 88 16-213-h.jpg 344 "Sequoiadendron giganteum, also known as Giant Sequoia or the Bigtee. The base of the tree may be in excess of 4 meters." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Cupressaceae, habit" Lab20
16-215 16-215-t.jpg 16-215-v.jpg 88 16-215-h.jpg 297 Sequoiadendron giganteum in a grove of giant sequoia trees. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Cupressaceae, habit" Lab20
16-216 16-216-t.jpg 16-216-v.jpg 174 16-216-h.jpg 307 "Sequoiadendron giganteum view of the first branches, which may be as high as 20 or more meters above the ground." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Cupressaceae, habit" Lab20
16-217 16-217-t.jpg 16-217-v.jpg 40 16-217-h.jpg 159 "Pinus pollen, showing prothallial, generative and tube cells in the microgametophyte." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, microgametophyte" Lab21
16-218 16-218-t.jpg 16-218-v.jpg 135 16-218-h.jpg 244 "Pinus male cone, or microsporangiate strobilis, showing the vasculature in cleared material." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, strobilus" Lab21
16-219 16-219-t.jpg 16-219-v.jpg 72 16-219-h.jpg 250 "Pinus male cone, or microsporangiate strobilis, in longitudinal section." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, strobilus" Lab21
16-220 16-220-t.jpg 16-220-v.jpg 54 16-220-h.jpg 196 "Pinus transfusion zone, consisting of tracheids located in the leaf's central vascular region." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-221 16-221-t.jpg 16-221-v.jpg 59 16-221-h.jpg 261 "Pinus tracheids, as viewed in macerated secondary xylem, or wood." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-222 16-222-t.jpg 16-222-v.jpg 48 16-222-h.jpg 172 "Podocarpus leaf, an example of a strap-shaped leaf, viewed in cross section. Note mesophyll differentiation." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Podocarpaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-223 16-223-t.jpg 16-223-v.jpg 93 16-223-h.jpg 329 "Pinus leaf, with two traces in a common vascular region. There is modest secondary growth in the needle, allowing multiple seasons of activity. Note mesophyll differentiation." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-225 16-225-t.jpg 16-225-v.jpg 120 16-225-h.jpg 406 Phyllocladus phylloclad -- this organ displays the characteristic vasculature of a branch. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-226 16-226-t.jpg 16-226-v.jpg 84 16-226-h.jpg 298 "Cupressus arizonica male and female cones. This species has numerous small microsporangiate strobili and woody, round megasporangiate cones." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Cupressaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-227 16-227-t.jpg 16-227-v.jpg 26 16-227-h.jpg 109 Larix europaea? male and female cones. These larch cones mature within a single season. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-228 16-228-t.jpg 16-228-v.jpg 77 16-228-h.jpg 308 "Pinus flexilis female cones from second and third year of maturation. The resinous cones are characteristic of limber pine, taken at 8500 ft in Arizona." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-229 16-229-t.jpg 16-229-v.jpg 60 16-229-h.jpg 210 "Pinus flexilis female cones from second year of growth, near the time of fertilization. Seed is shed at the end of the third year." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-230 16-230-t.jpg 16-230-v.jpg 51 16-230-h.jpg 230 Pinus contorta male cones. These are characteristic of late spring and are rapidly shed upon pollen shedding. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-231 16-231-t.jpg 16-231-v.jpg 160 16-231-h.jpg 291 "Pinus ponderosa trees are sometimes pioneering species in the Bonita lava field of Sunset Crater in Flagstaff, Arizona." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, habit, ecology" Lab20
16-232 16-232-t.jpg 16-232-v.jpg 224 16-232-h.jpg 410 "Pinus ponderosa trees showing mid-life growth form on the left, and crown senescence on the right, a typical sign of old age. Note extensive lateral dominance." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, habit, ecology" Lab20
16-233 16-233-t.jpg 16-233-v.jpg 217 16-233-h.jpg 393 Pinus ponderosa habit shows increasing lateral dominance at a mature age. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, habit, ecology" Lab20
16-233 16-233a-t.jpg 16-233a-v.jpg 34 16-233a-h.jpg 116 Podocarpus macrophyllous seed with subtending epimatium and characteristic strap-shaped leaves of the Podocarpaceae. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Podocarpaceae, reproductive" Lab20
16-234 16-234-t.jpg 16-234-v.jpg 192 16-234-h.jpg 350 "Pinus ponderosa needle fall typically occurs during the autumn, as with angiosperms, but only the oldest flush of needles falls." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, vegetative, ecology" Lab20
16-234 16-234a-t.jpg 16-234a-v.jpg 40 16-234a-h.jpg 150 Podocarpus macrophyllous seed with subtending epimatium and characteristic strap-shaped leaves of the Podocarpaceae. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Podocarpaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-235 16-235-t.jpg 16-235-v.jpg 59 16-235-h.jpg 243 Pinus contorta female cones at seed shedding stage. Notice both closed and open scales. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Cupressaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-236 16-236-t.jpg 16-236-v.jpg 60 16-236-h.jpg 221 "Agathis australis male cones, taken in Wellington, New Zealand." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Araucariaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-237 16-237-t.jpg 16-237-v.jpg 226 16-237-h.jpg 379 "Agathis australis female cones, taken in Wellington, New Zealand." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Araucariaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-238 16-238-t.jpg 16-238-v.jpg 239 16-238-h.jpg 417 "Agathis australis habit, taken in Wellington, New Zealand." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Araucariaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-239 16-239-t.jpg 16-239-v.jpg 59 16-239-h.jpg 246 "Araucaria cunninghamii in Cunungra, Queensland, Australia, showing whorled branching and juvenile form." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Araucariaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-240 16-240-t.jpg 16-240-v.jpg 193 16-240-h.jpg 341 "Araucaria imbricata in Lugano, showing whorled branching and strong apical dominance." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Araucariaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-241 16-241-t.jpg 16-241-v.jpg 175 16-241-h.jpg 310 "Araucaria cunninghamii in Queensland, Australia, showing whorled branching of both juvenile and adult forms." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Araucariaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-242 16-242-t.jpg 16-242-v.jpg 158 16-242-h.jpg 290 "Bunya in Cunungra, Queensland, Australia, showing whorled branching and juvenile form." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Araucariaceae, vegetative" Lab20
16-420 16-420-t.jpg 16-420-v.jpg 176 16-420-h.jpg 310 Pinus bisexual strobilus in median longitudinal section (microscope slide prepared by Frank Reinhart). "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-421 16-421-t.jpg 16-421-v.jpg 64 16-421-h.jpg 234 Pinus bisexual strobilus with basal pollen producing region and apical ovuliferous scales. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive" Lab21
16-422 16-422-t.jpg 16-422-v.jpg 46 16-422-h.jpg 212 Pinus embryogenesis showing embryos isolated from a single megagametophyte. These include cleavage products of sexually-dervied embryos. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, embryogenesis" Lab21
16-423 16-423-t.jpg 16-423-v.jpg 76 16-423-h.jpg 275 Pinus embryogenesis during elongation of the suspensor and embryonal tiers. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, embryogenesis" Lab21
16-424 16-424-t.jpg 16-424-v.jpg 68 16-424-h.jpg 249 Pinus early embryogenesis showing four free nuclei in dense cytoplasmic region at the base of the zygote. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, embryogenesis" Lab21
16-425 16-425-t.jpg 16-425-v.jpg 27 16-425-h.jpg 149 Pinus fertilization with mitotic method of fusion (male and female nuclear material remains separate until the onset of mitotic division). "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, embryogenesis" Lab21
16-426 16-426-t.jpg 16-426-v.jpg 93 16-426-h.jpg 331 Pinus pollen tubes elongating in the nucellus. Egg is present in the archegonium. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, embryogenesis" Lab21
16-427 16-427-t.jpg 16-427-v.jpg 66 16-427-h.jpg 247 Pinus archegonia in a maturing megagametophyte. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, megagametogenesis" Lab21
16-428 16-428-t.jpg 16-428-v.jpg 77 16-428-h.jpg 296 Pinus ovule with pollen tube in the nucellus and an archegonium just beneath archegonial chamber. "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, megagametogenesis" Lab21
16-429 16-429-t.jpg 16-429-v.jpg 98 16-429-h.jpg 355 "Pinus ovule with pollen tube in the nucellus. At this stage, free-nuclear division has just begun during early megagametogenesis." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, megagametogenesis" Lab21
16-430 16-430-t.jpg 16-430-v.jpg 100 16-430-h.jpg 350 "Pinus ovule with pollen tube in the nucellus. Pollination has already occurred, as indicated by pollen grain lodged at base of the micropyle." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, megasporogenesis" Lab21
16-431 16-431-t.jpg 16-431-v.jpg 107 16-431-h.jpg 369 "Pinus ovuliferous scale with a megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell) at the center of the nuclellus. Note scale, bract and ovule orientation." "Coniferophyta, Coniferales, Pinaceae, reproductive, megagametogenesis" Lab21