17-001 17-001t.jpg 17-001v.jpg 107 17-001h.jpg 205 Meristematic plant cells. Typical meristematic plant cells in transmission electron microscopy. Standard fixation: gluaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-002 17-002t.jpg 17-002v.jpg 71 17-002h.jpg 231 Golgi body (=dictyosome) in center is viewed en face. Note vesicles emanating from periphery. Nearby are two mitochondria. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-003 17-003t.jpg 17-003v.jpg 145 17-003h.jpg 305 Plant cell membranes. Note connections between ER, nuclear envelope and cell membranes. Fixation using older potassium permanganate method. Only membranes seem to survive this treatment. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-004 17-004t.jpg 17-004v.jpg 48 17-004h.jpg 192 Diagram of plant cell. Note double membranes of nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Endoplasmic reticulum, microbodies, microtubules, cell wall, plasmodesmata also evident. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-005 17-005t.jpg 17-005v.jpg 156 17-005h.jpg 328 Nuclear pores conspicuous in these views: (UL) freeze-fracture, (LL) cardboard 3-D reconstruction, (UR,MR) TEM of nuclear pores en face, (LR) nuclear pores in cross section. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-006 17-006t.jpg 17-006v.jpg 68 17-006h.jpg 344 Nuclear pores. (Left) Freeze-fracture of nuclear pores (N), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi bodies (GA). (Right) Sectioned transmission electron microscope image TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-007 17-007t.jpg 17-007v.jpg 257 17-007h.jpg 600 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in cytoplasm. Ribosomes on the ER translate polypeptides into the ER. Polypeptides receive glycosylation, additional processing in ER. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-008 17-008t.jpg 17-008v.jpg 85 17-008h.jpg 376 Comparison of secretory cell in an animal The boundary between cells consists of appressed cell membranes without a cell wall. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-009 17-009t.jpg 17-009v.jpg 156 17-009h.jpg 342 Membrane continuity with the nuclear envelope. TEM views of cytoplasmic membranes with the nucleus. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-010 17-010t.jpg 17-010v.jpg 231 17-010h.jpg 523 Typical plant cell with characteristic organelles. Note proplastids, rather than chloroplasts are present in meristematic cells. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-011 17-011t.jpg 17-011v.jpg 197 17-011h.jpg 417 Golgi and vesicle secretion in roots secreting copious mucilaginous material. Lower: Pinocytosis of vesicles and relationship with nuclear envelope. TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-012 17-012t.jpg 17-012v.jpg 200 17-012h.jpg 406 Secretory activity in Golgi bodies in this root cell. Note forming face, maturing face, and clathrin-coated vesicle (CV). TEM ultrastructure, Plant Cell
17-013 17-013t.jpg 17-013v.jpg 90 17-013h.jpg 170 Diagram of DNA packing in chromosomes. (1) DNA wraps nucleosomes; (2) nucleosome packing into spools; (3) packing of spools; (4) supercoils of spool packets; (5) highest order supercoils forming chromatids. Cell Biology, DNA
17-014 17-014t.jpg 17-014v.jpg 129 17-014h.jpg 255 Pinocytosis showing vesicle uptake into plant cell. Receptors recycled from cell membrane, into vesicles, and subsequently back to the cell membrane. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-015 17-015t.jpg 17-015v.jpg 68 17-015h.jpg 275 Mitochondria. Liver mitochondrion, but it gets the idea across. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-016 17-016t.jpg 17-016v.jpg 80 17-016h.jpg 376 Mitochondrion. Note: cristae, matrix, DNA, ferritin granules. Actually beef heart -- plant mitochondria not as differentiated. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-017 17-017t.jpg 17-017v.jpg 65 17-017h.jpg 326 Elementary particles on the interior membrane of mitochondria. This is an ATPase complex. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-018 17-018t.jpg 17-018v.jpg 75 17-018h.jpg 281 Mitochondrial DNA once again animal, but highly similar to plants -- circular DNA, relatively small number of base pairs. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-019 17-019t.jpg 17-019v.jpg 146 17-019h.jpg 314 Plastid morphology. (UL) Proplastid, (UR) a proplastid with a small starch grain, (LL) a chloroplast, (LR) etioplasts. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-020 17-020t.jpg 17-020v.jpg 132 17-020h.jpg 275 Chloroplast morphology of a C4 plant. Note the dimorphism of the chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells versus the bundle sheath. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-021 17-021t.jpg 17-021v.jpg 192 17-021h.jpg 367 Developing etioplasts. Note the crystallike structure of the forming thylakoids. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-022 17-022t.jpg 17-022v.jpg 193 17-022h.jpg 400 Developing etioplasts. Note the crystallike structure of the forming thylakoids. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-023 17-023t.jpg 17-023v.jpg 162 17-023h.jpg 334 Developing etioplasts. Note the crystallike structure of the forming thylakoids. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-024 17-024t.jpg 17-024v.jpg 143 17-024h.jpg 312 Chloroplast and microbody. Note the crystallike structure of the enzyme catalase in the matrix of the microbody (a peroxisome) that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. The lower micrographs show another type of microbody (glyoxysome) that breaks down lipids. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-025 17-025t.jpg 17-025v.jpg 133 17-025h.jpg 255 Chromoplast formed by plastoglobuli composed of beta-carotene. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-026 17-026t.jpg 17-026v.jpg 160 17-026h.jpg 323 Chromoplasts formed by senscence of chloroplasts and the crystallization of the protein beta-carotene. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-027 17-027t.jpg 17-027v.jpg 144 17-027h.jpg 325 Lytic vacuoles. Dark areas represent localization of acid phosphatase activity, a marker enzyme for phosphate reclamation. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-028 17-028t.jpg 17-028v.jpg 159 17-028h.jpg 334 Lytic vacuoles form during plant cell death and cellular repair. Dark areas represent a localization of acid phosphatase activity. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-029 17-029t.jpg 17-029v.jpg 153 17-029h.jpg 301 Sequestration vacuole. These form by endoplasmic reticulum encircling cytoplasmic areas, followed by localized hydolysis of enclosed cytoplasm. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-030 17-030t.jpg 17-030v.jpg 159 17-030h.jpg 309 Raphide-producing vacuole. The raphides actually are not there, as they are made out of calcium oxylate and cannot be sectioned. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-031 17-031t.jpg 17-031v.jpg 254 17-031h.jpg 513 Plant cell membranes as seen in freeze-fracture. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-032 17-032t.jpg 17-032v.jpg 161 17-032h.jpg 326 Tannin vacuole. This preparation captures tannins in the vacuole of a plant cell. These water soluble materials that are restricted to the vacuole in life. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-033 17-033t.jpg 17-033v.jpg 98 17-033h.jpg 369 Intramembrane particles (IMPs). Freeze fracture showing bumps corresponding to membrane bound proteins. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-034 17-034t.jpg 17-034v.jpg 28 17-034h.jpg 157 Primary cell wall organization. Middle lamella and layers of the plant cell wall. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-035 17-035t.jpg 17-035v.jpg 171 17-035h.jpg 360 Plasmodesmata viewed in longitudinal and cross section in primary cell wall. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-036 17-036t.jpg 17-036v.jpg 238 17-036h.jpg 476 Primary pit field. This is a replica of the cellulose in a primary cell wall. The small holes represent the location of plasmodesmata. TEM ultrastructure, Cell Biology
17-037 17-037t.jpg 17-037v.jpg 41 17-037h.jpg 206 Chemistry of the primary cell wall. Shown are cellulose fibers, associated hemicellulose, extensin and pectin. These are maintained by calcium ions and can be modified by pH changes. Plant Cell Biology
17-038 17-038t.jpg 17-038v.jpg 69 17-038h.jpg 273 Diagram of mitotic stages. All stages of mitosis are shown. Particularly plant features include the pre-prophase band of microtubules before and the phragmoplast after mitosis. Mitosis
17-039 17-039t.jpg 17-039v.jpg 177 17-039h.jpg 350 DIC of mitotic division. This mitotic series is time lapse of Haemanthus endosperm nuclei viewed using differential interference contrast microscopy. Mitosis
17-040 17-040t.jpg 17-040v.jpg 72 17-040h.jpg 374 DIC of mitotic division. This mitotic series is time lapse of Haemanthus endosperm nuclei viewed using differential interference contrast microscopy. Mitosis
17-041 17-041t.jpg 17-041v.jpg 63 17-041h.jpg 272 Membrane distribution during mitosis. Mitosis
17-042 17-042t.jpg 17-042v.jpg 44 17-042h.jpg 150 SEM of anaphase. Interzonal fibers are conspicuous between the two clusters of chromatids Mitosis
17-043 17-043t.jpg 17-043v.jpg 198 17-043h.jpg 405 Cytokinesis. Phragmoplast, cell plate formation, and coalescence of vesicles are evident here. Mitosis
17-044 17-044t.jpg 17-044v.jpg 39 17-044h.jpg 153 Parenchyma in leaf of Potamogeton. All cells here except for vascular material are parenchyma cells. Parenchyma, Leaf anatomy
17-045 17-045t.jpg 17-045v.jpg 58 17-045h.jpg 194 Pit pairs in Diospyros (persimmon) endosperm. The thick layers of mannan forming the cell wall makes plasmodesmata and pit connections conspicuous. Parenchyma, Plasmodesmata
17-046 17-046t.jpg 17-046v.jpg 13 17-046h.jpg 51 Rhaphide crystals of calcium oxylate in Typha root, viewed using polarizing microscopy. Raphides, Ergastic substances
17-047 17-047t.jpg 17-047v.jpg 28 17-047h.jpg 10 Druse crystals of calcium oxylate in a stem of Tilia viewed using polarizing microscopy. Raphides, Ergastic substances
17-048 17-048t.jpg 17-048v.jpg 37 17-048h.jpg 126 Prismatic crystals of calcium oxylate in Typha root, viewed using polarizing microscopy. Ergastic substances
17-049 17-049t.jpg 17-049v.jpg 78 17-049h.jpg 199 Primary plant stem of Helianthus, sunflower. Note: epidemis, cortex, vascular bundle, pith. Parenchyma, Primary stem
17-050 17-050t.jpg 17-050v.jpg 96 17-050h.jpg 301 Aerenchyma in rhizome of Acorus. Parenchyma
17-051 17-051t.jpg 17-051v.jpg 36 17-051h.jpg 149 Aerenchyma of a stem of the aquatic plant Potamogeton. Parenchyma
17-052 17-052t.jpg 17-052v.jpg 43 17-052h.jpg 158 Stellate parenchyma forming aerenchyma in the stem of Canna. Parenchyma
17-053 17-053t.jpg 17-053v.jpg 47 17-053h.jpg 173 Angular collenchyma of Amaranthus as viewed using polarizing microscopy. Parenchyma, Collenchyma
17-054 17-054t.jpg 17-054v.jpg 56 17-054h.jpg 217 Brachyscleids of Phaseolus. Maceration of brachysclereids forming the seed coat. Sclerenchyma
17-055 17-055t.jpg 17-055v.jpg 28 17-055h.jpg 106 Brachyscleids of Phaseolus seed coat viewed using polarizing microscopy. Sclerenchyma
17-056 17-056t.jpg 17-056v.jpg 29 17-056h.jpg 108 Macrosclereids of apple endocarp. Note the overlapping cross-stabilized layers that form the cartilaginous interior of the apple fruit. Sclerenchyma
17-057 17-057t.jpg 17-057v.jpg 67 17-057h.jpg 247 Macrosclereids of apple endocarp as viewed using polarizing microscopy. Sclerenchyma
17-058 17-058t.jpg 17-058v.jpg 34 17-058h.jpg 142 Asterosclereid from a leaf of Pseudotsuga Sclerenchyma
17-059 17-059t.jpg 17-059v.jpg 16 17-059h.jpg 70 Asterosclereid as viewed using polarizing microscopy. Sclerenchyma
17-060 17-060t.jpg 17-060v.jpg 59 17-060h.jpg 217 Filiform sclereids from a leaf of the olive, Olea. Sclerenchyma
17-061 17-061t.jpg 17-061v.jpg 32 17-061h.jpg 136 Acicular sclereids of Pereskia pitatache Sclerenchyma
17-062 17-062t.jpg 17-062v.jpg 74 17-062h.jpg 285 Phloem fibers in Helianthus (sunflower, Asteraceae). Note distribution of fibers and range of abundance. Sclerenchyma
17-063 17-063t.jpg 17-063v.jpg 64 17-063h.jpg 264 Cortical fibers Gleichenia, a primitive fern with a medulated protostele. Note distribution of fibers in the interior of the cortex. Sclerenchyma
17-064 17-064t.jpg 17-064v.jpg 60 17-064h.jpg 225 Bundle sheath fibers in Ammophila (Poaceae). Note distribution of fibers in bundle sheath and bundle sheath extension. Sclerenchyma, Grass anatomy
17-065 17-065t.jpg 17-065v.jpg 74 17-065h.jpg 286 Bast fibers in Yucca glauca (Agavaceae). Phloem fibers are evident on one or both sides of the vacular bundle. Sclerenchyma, Monocot anatomy
17-066 17-066t.jpg 17-066v.jpg 68 17-066h.jpg 253 Oak wood maceration showing large vessel members, fibers, tracheids, axial parenchyma. Xylem, Sclerenchyma
17-067 17-067t.jpg 17-067v.jpg 38 17-067h.jpg 151 Septate fibers of Vitis. Note cross walls in fibers. Sclerenchyma
17-068 17-068t.jpg 17-068v.jpg 43 17-068h.jpg 155 Stomata of Vigna (cow pea, Fabaceae). Presumptively mesoperigenous origin. This pattern is termed paracytic (enclosed by 2 subsidiary cells aligned to guard cells). Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-069 17-069t.jpg 17-069v.jpg 56 17-069h.jpg 199 Stomata of Graptopetalum (ice plant, Azoaceae). Presumptively mesogenous origin. This pattern is termed amphianisocytic (double ring, inner ring of 3 subsidiary cells). Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-070 17-070t.jpg 17-070v.jpg 36 17-070h.jpg 133 Stomata of Pelargonium (common geranium, Geraniaceae). Presumptively perigenous origin. This pattern is termed actinocytic (usually 5 or more cells surrounding). Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-071 17-071t.jpg 17-071v.jpg 44 17-071h.jpg 172 Stomata of Normanbokea (Cactaceae). Presumptively mesoperigenous origin. This pattern is termed amphiparacytic (enclosed by 2 rings of 2 subsidiary cells aligned to guard cells). Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-072 17-072t.jpg 17-072v.jpg 51 17-072h.jpg 189 Stomata of Iris. Presumptively perigenous origin from idioblasts. Note linear pattern arising from basal meristematic origin of leaf. This pattern is termed tetracytic (enclosed by 4 subsidiary cells). Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-073 17-073t.jpg 17-073v.jpg 87 17-073h.jpg 305 Stomata of Vigna. Note the absence of stomata overlying vaculature, where there are no underlying substomatal spaces. Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-074 17-074t.jpg 17-074v.jpg 32 17-074h.jpg 141 Stomate of Dianthus. Presumptively perigenous origin. This pattern is termed paracytic. This pattern is termed diacytic ( 2 subsidiary cells at right angles to guard cells). Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-075 17-075t.jpg 17-075v.jpg 36 17-075h.jpg 148 Stomata of Sedum. Presumptively mesogenous origin. This pattern is termed paracytic. This pattern is termed amphianisocytic (enclosed by inner ring of 3 subsidiary cells, outer ring of 2-4 cells). Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-076 17-076t.jpg 17-076v.jpg 82 17-076h.jpg 283 Trichosclereids and substomatal leaf anatomy in Arctocarpus as shown in paradermal section (~parallel to leaf surface). Epidermis, Stomatal complex
17-077 17-077t.jpg 17-077v.jpg 47 17-077h.jpg 176 Multicellular uniseriate trichomes of Gynura aurantiaca (purple velvet plant, Asteraceae). Note anthocyanin in vacuoles. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-078 17-078t.jpg 17-078v.jpg 18 17-078h.jpg 68 Uniseriate and glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon (tomato, Solanaceae). Epidermis, Trichomes
17-079 17-079t.jpg 17-079v.jpg 41 17-079h.jpg 146 Stellate hairs of Solanum quitoense Epidermis, Trichomes
17-080 17-080t.jpg 17-080v.jpg 73 17-080h.jpg 251 Lanate hairs of Encelia farinosa (Russian olive) leaves, also called farinose trichomes. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-081 17-081t.jpg 17-081v.jpg 58 17-081h.jpg 203 Glochids in Mammilaria areole. These become sclerified trichomes, associated with infection and lingering irritation in animals. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-082 17-082t.jpg 17-082v.jpg 34 17-082h.jpg 125 Candelabra hairs of Platanus (sycamore, Platanaceae) Epidermis, Trichomes
17-083 17-083t.jpg 17-083v.jpg 49 17-083h.jpg 175 Candelabra hairs of Verbascum (mullein, Scrophulariaceae) Epidermis, Trichomes
17-084 17-084t.jpg 17-084v.jpg 65 17-084h.jpg 219 Stellate hairs of Epidermis, Trichomes
17-085 17-085t.jpg 17-085v.jpg 38 17-085h.jpg 132 Stellate hairs of Lesquerella ovata (Brassicaceae) viewed using polarizing light. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-086 17-086t.jpg 17-086v.jpg 50 17-086h.jpg 175 Stellate hairs of Lesquerella cooperi (Brassicaceae). Epidermis, Trichomes
17-087 17-087t.jpg 17-087v.jpg 28 17-087h.jpg 104 Audron hairs of Mentzelia oligosperma (stickleaf, Loasaceae) Epidermis, Trichomes
17-088 17-088t.jpg 17-088v.jpg 35 17-088h.jpg 135 Scales of Olea (olive, Oleaceae). Epidermis, Trichomes
17-089 17-089t.jpg 17-089v.jpg 12 17-089h.jpg 66 Glass trichome inclusions in the stinging hairs of Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) are accompanied by prussic acid, creating painful wounds. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-090 17-090t.jpg 17-090v.jpg 45 17-090h.jpg 177 Scales of Elaeagnus (Russian olive, Elaeagnaceae) Epidermis, Trichomes
17-091 17-091t.jpg 17-091v.jpg 53 17-091h.jpg 202 Scale of Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss, Bromeliaceae). Note absorpive cells at the base of the scales. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-092 17-092t.jpg 17-092v.jpg 62 17-092h.jpg 232 Glandular trichomes of Drosera (sundew, Droseraceae) trap insects and digest them. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-093 17-093t.jpg 17-093v.jpg 38 17-093h.jpg 154 Trichomes of Dionea. Untriggered digestive glands of Venus flytrap. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-094 17-094t.jpg 17-094v.jpg 37 17-094h.jpg 149 Trichomes of Cannabis sativa (industrial hemp, Cannabaceae). Epidermis, Trichomes
17-095 17-095t.jpg 17-095v.jpg 35 17-095h.jpg 146 Trichomes of Cannabis sativa. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-096 17-096t.jpg 17-096v.jpg 35 17-096h.jpg 145 Trichomes of Cannabis sativa. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-097 17-097t.jpg 17-097v.jpg 62 17-097h.jpg 271 Nerium oleander stomatal crypt. Note multiseriate epidermis, sunken stomata, trichomes, thick mesophyll. Epidermis, Trichomes
17-098 17-098t.jpg 17-098v.jpg 85 17-098h.jpg 176 Cytolith of Ficus elastica (rubber plant, Moraceae) inside a lithocyst. Note multiseriate epidermis. The cystolith is a cacium carbonate inclusion. Epidermis, Idioblast
17-099 17-099t.jpg 17-099v.jpg 83 17-099h.jpg 406 Three year old stem of Fraxinus (ash, Aceraceae). Transverse section, showing secondary stem, ring porous wood. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-100 17-100t.jpg 17-100v.jpg 65 17-100h.jpg 268 Wood of Quercus borealis. Tangential section with prominent libriform fibers, multi- and uniseriate rays, tracheids, axial parenchyma, vessel. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-101 17-101t.jpg 17-101v.jpg 102 17-101h.jpg 355 Wood of Quercus borealis. Transverse section with prominent libriform fibers, multi- and uniseriate rays, tracheids, axial parenchyma, vessels. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-102 17-102t.jpg 17-102v.jpg 61 17-102h.jpg 235 Wood of Quercus borealis. Radial section with fibers, tracheids, axial & radial parenchyma, vessel. Note simple perforation plates. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-103 17-103t.jpg 17-103v.jpg 48 17-103h.jpg 181 Oak wood maceration showing large vessel members, fibers, tracheids, axial parenchyma. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-104 17-104t.jpg 17-104v.jpg 61 17-104h.jpg 212 Oak wood maceration showing tracheids, fibers, fiber-tracheids, axial parenchyma. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-105 17-105t.jpg 17-105v.jpg 75 17-105h.jpg 143 Compound perforation plate in Liquidambar (sweetgum, Hamamelidaceae) with scalariform perforations. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-106 17-106t.jpg 17-106v.jpg 128 17-106h.jpg 227 Wood of Liriodendron (tulip tree, Magnoliaceae) in tangential section. Longitudinal section of compound perforation plates. Pits visible face on. Rays have upright and procumbent cells. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-107 17-107t.jpg 17-107v.jpg 124 17-107h.jpg 222 Wood of Liriodendron (tulip tree) in radial section. Face of compound perforation plates visible on radial walls. Rays have upright and procumbent cells. Annual ring boundary. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-108 17-108t.jpg 17-108v.jpg 68 17-108h.jpg 232 Wood of Liriodendron (tulip tree) again in radial section, with compound perforation plates, upright and procumbent ray cells, annual ring boundary. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-109 17-109t.jpg 17-109v.jpg 89 17-109h.jpg 260 Gymnosperm wood of Sequoia sempervirons (coastal redwood, gymnosperm) in transverse section, with early and late wood, uniseriate & biseriate rays. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-110 17-110t.jpg 17-110v.jpg 62 17-110h.jpg 210 Wood of Sequoia sempervirons (pine) in tangential section, with uniseriate and biseriate rays, circular bordered pits occur on radial walls and are not easy to see. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-111 17-111t.jpg 17-111v.jpg 59 17-111h.jpg 202 Wood of Sequoia sempervirons (pine) in radial section. Promient circular bordered pits in tracheids and simple pits in radial parenchyma. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-112 17-112t.jpg 17-112v.jpg 41 17-112h.jpg 148 Ray tracheids of Pinus ponderosa (Ponderosa pine) wood shown in radial section. Circular bordered pits prominent in radial tracheids. Simple pits occur in radial parenchyma. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-113 17-113t.jpg 17-113v.jpg 75 17-113h.jpg 248 Isolated tracheids of Pseudotsuga (Douglas Fir, Pinaceae) in macerated wood prep. Note circular bordered pits. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-114 17-114t.jpg 17-114v.jpg 110 17-114h.jpg 335 Vesseless wood of Drimys purpurasens (WInteraceae). This is a primitively vesseless angiosperm. Note abundant axial parenchyma, numerous tracheids. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-115 17-115t.jpg 17-115v.jpg 84 17-115h.jpg 275 Wood of Drimys purpurasens in tangential section showing abundant axial parenchyma, numerous tracheids, multiseriate rays. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-116 17-116t.jpg 17-116v.jpg 89 17-116h.jpg 291 Wood of Drimys purpurasens in radial section showing abundant radial parenchyma consisting of upright cells, numerous tracheids. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-117 17-117t.jpg 17-117v.jpg 149 17-117h.jpg 276 Wood of Acer saccharum (sugar maple, Aceraceae) in tangential section showing promient reticulate pitting, tertiary thickenings of vessel walls (fimbrils) evident in one vessel, multiseriate rays. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-118 17-118t.jpg 17-118v.jpg 114 17-118h.jpg 364 Early and late wood of Umbellaria (Lauraceae) in transverse section showing diffuse porous wood, axial parenchyma distribution (conspicuous in late wood). Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-119 17-119t.jpg 17-119v.jpg 77 17-119h.jpg 265 Wood of Umbellaria in radial section showing promient homocellular ray, paratracheal axial parenchyma. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-120 17-120t.jpg 17-120v.jpg 111 17-120h.jpg 369 Living wood of Fraxinus in cross section showing wood with living radial and paratracheal axial parenchyma cells (note cytoplasm). Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-121 17-121t.jpg 17-121v.jpg 109 17-121h.jpg 351 Wood of Maclura pomifera (Osage orange) in transverse section, with promient tyloses. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-122 17-122t.jpg 17-122v.jpg 83 17-122h.jpg 287 Wood of Maclura pomifera (Osage orange) in tangential section, with promient tyloses. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-123 17-123t.jpg 17-123v.jpg 77 17-123h.jpg 266 Wood of Maclura pomifera (Osage orange) in radial section, with promient tyloses. Xylem, Wood Anatomy
17-124 17-124t.jpg 17-124v.jpg 31 17-124h.jpg 119 Ephedra wood maceration showing a vessel member with compound foraminate perforation plate and some tracheids (Gnetales, an advanced gymnosperm). Xylem, Gnetales gymnosperm wood
17-125 17-125t.jpg 17-125v.jpg 134 17-125h.jpg 248 Gnetum vessel member with foraminate perforation plate and tracheids (Gnetales, an advanced gymnosperm). Xylem, Gnetales gymnosperm wood
17-126 17-126t.jpg 17-126v.jpg 51 17-126h.jpg 185 Primary vaculature in Medicago (alfalfa) cross section. Stem anatomy, Xylem
17-127 17-127t.jpg 17-127v.jpg 66 17-127h.jpg 239 Primary xylem of Sambucus showing variation in secondary cell wall thickenings from protoxylem to metaxylem. Note tracheary elements, vessels, tracheids, tyloses, pattern of development. Primary xylem
17-128 17-128t.jpg 17-128v.jpg 47 17-128h.jpg 157 Protoxylem of Sambucus showing developmental variation in secondary cell wall thickenings in tracheary elements, simple perforation plate, tylosis, metaxylem to left. Primary xylem
17-129 17-129t.jpg 17-129v.jpg 72 17-129h.jpg 233 Magnolia one year stem showing vascular cambium, primary and secondary xylem, primary and secondary phloem. Primary xylem, Secondary xylem, , Secondary phloem, Vascular cambium
17-130 17-130t.jpg 17-130v.jpg 78 17-130h.jpg 251 Pinus vascular cambium in transverse section. Resin duct and newly-formed secondary phloem are evident. Vascular cambium, Secondary phloem
17-131 17-131t.jpg 17-131v.jpg 117 17-131h.jpg 208 Pinus vascular cambium viewed in paradermal tangential section. Non-storied wood. Vascular cambium
17-132 17-132t.jpg 17-132v.jpg 160 17-132h.jpg 278 Pseudotsuga vascular cambium viewed in paradermal tangential section. Non-storied wood. Vascular cambium
17-133 17-133t.jpg 17-133v.jpg 162 17-133h.jpg 287 Pyrus vascular cambium viewed in paradermal tangential section. Non-storied wood. Vascular cambium
17-134 17-134t.jpg 17-134v.jpg 165 17-134h.jpg 284 Robinia vascular cambium viewed in paradermal tangential section. Storied wood. Vascular cambium
17-135 17-135t.jpg 17-135v.jpg 40 17-135h.jpg 143 Pinus vascular cambium, secondary xylem and secondary phloem in radial longitudinal section. Vascular cambium, Secondary phloem
17-136 17-136t.jpg 17-136v.jpg 113 17-136h.jpg 200 Pinus vascular cambium, secondary xylem and secondary phloem in radial longitudinal section. Vascular cambium, Secondary phloem
17-137 17-137t.jpg 17-137v.jpg 67 17-137h.jpg 220 Dillenia sieve plates in metaphloem in cross section. Phloem
17-138 17-138t.jpg 17-138v.jpg 30 17-138h.jpg 139 Pinus sieve areas, in secondary phloem, longitudinal section Secondary phloem
17-139 17-139t.jpg 17-139v.jpg 57 17-139h.jpg 178 Pinus secondary phloem and vascular cambium, in transverse section. Secondary phloem
17-140 17-140t.jpg 17-140v.jpg 138 17-140h.jpg 475 Tilia secondary phloem and vascular cambium, in transverse section. Secondary phloem
17-141 17-141t.jpg 17-141v.jpg 124 17-141h.jpg 210 Tilia secondary phloem in radial section. Note sieve areas and compound sieve plates. Secondary phloem
17-142 17-142t.jpg 17-142v.jpg 95 17-142h.jpg 180 Tilia compound sieve plates in the secondary phloem in radial section. Secondary phloem
17-143 17-143t.jpg 17-143v.jpg 142 17-143h.jpg 241 Tilia secondary phloem in transverse section. Note phloem fibers, sieve tube members and dilated phloem rays. Secondary phloem
17-144 17-144t.jpg 17-144v.jpg 81 17-144h.jpg 258 Tilia secondary phloem in transverse section. Note phloem fibers, sieve tube members and dilated phloem rays. Secondary phloem
17-145 17-145t.jpg 17-145v.jpg 139 17-145h.jpg 237 Vitis secondary phloem in longitudinal section. Note sieve tube members, compound sieve plates and lateral sieve areas. Secondary phloem
17-146 17-146t.jpg 17-146v.jpg 113 17-146h.jpg 370 Robinia vascular cambium and developing secondary phloem viewed in transverse section. Secondary phloem
17-147 17-147t.jpg 17-147v.jpg 162 17-147h.jpg 276 Robinia secondary phloem showing dormancy callose on sieve plates as seen in radial section. Produced by storied cambium. Secondary phloem
17-148 17-148t.jpg 17-148v.jpg 76 17-148h.jpg 247 Vitis vascular cambium and developing secondary xylem and phloem in transverse section. Secondary phloem
17-149 17-149t.jpg 17-149v.jpg 43 17-149h.jpg 148 Vitis secondary phloem with inclined compound sieve plate in radial section. Secondary phloem
17-150 17-150t.jpg 17-150v.jpg 79 17-150h.jpg 145 Vitis lateral sieve areas in secondary phloem. Secondary phloem
17-151 17-151t.jpg 17-151v.jpg 80 17-151h.jpg 281 Fraxinus 3 year old stem showing ring porous wood and secondary growth. Stem anatomy
17-152 17-152t.jpg 17-152v.jpg 93 17-152h.jpg 289 Aristolochia lenticel on the surface of the periderm in transverse section. Peridem, Lenticel
17-153 17-153t.jpg 17-153v.jpg 85 17-153h.jpg 262 Aristolochia lenticel on the surface of the periderm in transverse section. Peridem, Lenticel
17-154 17-154t.jpg 17-154v.jpg 91 17-154h.jpg 286 Fraxinus 1 year old stem showing secondary xylem, phloem and vascular cambium. Peridem, Cortex, Stem anatomy
17-155 17-155t.jpg 17-155v.jpg 79 17-155h.jpg 248 Aristolochia lenticel on the surface of the periderm in transverse section. Peridem
17-156 17-156t.jpg 17-156v.jpg 142 17-156h.jpg 490 Tilia rhytidome with sequent periderm in transverse section. Rhytidome, Sequent Periderm
17-157 17-157t.jpg 17-157v.jpg 84 17-157h.jpg 268 Quercus rhytidome with sequent periderm in transverse section. Rhytidome, Sequent Periderm
17-158 17-158t.jpg 17-158v.jpg 88 17-158h.jpg 302 Tilia secondary phloem fibers in rhytidome. Rhytidome, Secondary phloem
17-159 17-159t.jpg 17-159v.jpg 89 17-159h.jpg 279 Quercus rhytidome with sequent periderm in transverse section. Rhytidome, Secondary phloem
17-160 17-160t.jpg 17-160v.jpg 141 17-160h.jpg 503 Pyrus secondary phloem and sequent periderm in rhytidome as viewed in transverse section. Rhytidome, Secondary phloem
17-161 17-161t.jpg 17-161v.jpg 99 17-161h.jpg 317 Pyrus secondary phloem and sequent periderm in rhytidome as viewed in transverse section. Rhytidome, Secondary phloem
17-162 17-162t.jpg 17-162v.jpg 98 17-162h.jpg 333 Beta root showing the early action of anomalous cambial activity on storage root formation. Anomalous cambium
17-163 17-163t.jpg 17-163v.jpg 96 17-163h.jpg 327 Beta root showing anomalous cambial activity during the formation of a storage root. Anomalous cambium
17-164 17-164t.jpg 17-164v.jpg 90 17-164h.jpg 298 Raphanus root showing action of anomalous cambia on storage root formation. Anomalous cambium
17-165 17-165t.jpg 17-165v.jpg 83 17-165h.jpg 317 Ipomea root showing multiple cambial pockets of cell division. Note abundant production of parenchyma. Anomalous cambium
17-166 17-166t.jpg 17-166v.jpg 81 17-166h.jpg 260 Ipomea root showing cambial pocket of cell division producing some vesses and abundant parenchyma. Anomalous cambium
17-167 17-167t.jpg 17-167v.jpg 88 17-167h.jpg 273 Cordyline stem monocot cambium. Unlike dicot cambia, the monocot cambium is unifacial, forming whole vascular bundles toward the inside of the stem Anomalous cambium, monocot cambium
17-168 17-168t.jpg 17-168v.jpg 100 17-168h.jpg 187 Apical cell of Equisetum (horsetail, Sphenophyta). Merophytes show the history of apical cell divisions. Apical meristem
17-169 17-169t.jpg 17-169v.jpg 50 17-169h.jpg 179 Apical cell of Equisetum. Merophytes visible. Apical meristem
17-170 17-170t.jpg 17-170v.jpg 67 17-170h.jpg 216 Ginkgo shoot apex (Ginkgoaceae, primitive gymnosperm), illustrating cytohistological zonation. Untiered apical initials give rise to mother cell zone, rib meristem, flank meristem. Apical meristem
17-171 17-171t.jpg 17-171v.jpg 166 17-171h.jpg 281 Angiosperm shoot apex of Coleus (Lamiaceae) showing leaf initiation, tunica-corpus organization of the shoot apex. Apical meristem
17-172 17-172t.jpg 17-172v.jpg 81 17-172h.jpg 273 Shoot apex of Coleus showing tunica-corpus organization of the apical meristem. Note the number of tunica layers. Two opposite leaves are being initiated. Apical meristem
17-173 17-173t.jpg 17-173v.jpg 72 17-173h.jpg 229 Shoot apex of Coleus without leaves currently being initiated (compare previous). Apical meristem
17-174 17-174t.jpg 17-174v.jpg 64 17-174h.jpg 219 Shoot apex of Salvia (sage, Lamiaceae). Note the number of tunica layers. Apical meristem
17-175 17-175t.jpg 17-175v.jpg 137 17-175h.jpg 246 Shoot apex of Egeria (formerly Elodea), a common submerged aquatic plant. Note the number of tunica layers, thickness of leaves, irregularity of axillary buds. Apical meristem
17-176 17-176t.jpg 17-176v.jpg 61 17-176h.jpg 215 Shoot apex of Musa (banana) that will form the inflorescence. Note the depth of tunica layers here. Apical meristem
17-177 17-177t.jpg 17-177v.jpg 89 17-177h.jpg 302 Shoot apex of Opuntia cylindrica showing leaf initiation of alternate leaves. Notice the primary thickening meristem, which is quite conspicuous in the Cactaceae. Apical meristem, leaf initiation
17-178 17-178t.jpg 17-178v.jpg 110 17-178h.jpg 348 Primary thickening meristem of Echinocereus, barrel cactus. Note evidence for the many divisions to the periphery and the prominent rib meristem. Apical meristem
17-179 17-179t.jpg 17-179v.jpg 109 17-179h.jpg 345 Lycopodium lucidulum stem cross section showing actinostele, leaf traces in the cortex (Lycopodiaceae, Lycophyta) Stele anatomy, protostele
17-180 17-180t.jpg 17-180v.jpg 94 17-180h.jpg 291 Lycopodium selago stem cross section showing increasingly polyarch actinostele in transition to a plectostele. Leaf traces. Stele anatomy, protostele
17-181 17-181t.jpg 17-181v.jpg 62 17-181h.jpg 224 Lycopodium rhizome cross section showing plectostele, branch vasculature, leaves and leaf traces. Stele anatomy, protostele
17-182 17-182t.jpg 17-182v.jpg 87 17-182h.jpg 268 Lycopodium cernuum stem cross section showing plectostele, leaf traces in cortex Stele anatomy, protostele
17-183 17-183t.jpg 17-183v.jpg 97 17-183h.jpg 292 Gleichenia rhizome showing medulated protostele. Note parenchyma cells in the protostele (Gleichenaceae, Pteridophyta) Stele anatomy, protostele
17-184 17-184t.jpg 17-184v.jpg 112 17-184h.jpg 347 Osmunda rhizome showing a dissected ectophloic siphonostele, or eustele. Note true leaf gaps, leaf traces emerging (Osmundaceae, Pteridophyta) Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-185 17-185t.jpg 17-185v.jpg 77 17-185h.jpg 297 Iva xanthifolia stem shows a eustele, but the gaps are the result of sympodia, not leaf gaps Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-186 17-186t.jpg 17-186v.jpg 69 17-186h.jpg 254 Dicksonia rhizome (Dicksoniaceae, Pteridophyta) showing an undissected amphiphloic siphonostele (also known as solenostele) Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-187 17-187t.jpg 17-187v.jpg 119 17-187h.jpg 451 Helianthus annuus older stem, showing transition into secondary plant body features Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-188 17-188t.jpg 17-188v.jpg 81 17-188h.jpg 271 Pelargonium stem, showing extensive obteration of protoxylem in oldest (and smallest) features in the xylem tissue. Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-189 17-189t.jpg 17-189v.jpg 91 17-189h.jpg 275 Aristolochia liana with limited amount of secondary growth. Note cortical fibers (Dutchman's pipe, a liana of the Aritolochiaceae). Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-190 17-190t.jpg 17-190v.jpg 96 17-190h.jpg 294 Aristolochia liana with increasing amount of secondary growth. Note fasicular and interfasicular cambium Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-191 17-191t.jpg 17-191v.jpg 99 17-191h.jpg 313 Aristolochia older stem with conspicuous regions of phloem crushing occurring toward the exterior (near cortical fibers). Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-192 17-192t.jpg 17-192v.jpg 52 17-192h.jpg 191 Helianthus annuus stem showing primary growth Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-193 17-193t.jpg 17-193v.jpg 117 17-193h.jpg 401 Matonia rhizome (Matoniaceae, Pteridophyta) showing a polycyclic solenostele (slide by P. Maheswari) Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-194 17-194t.jpg 17-194v.jpg 104 17-194h.jpg 317 Dicksonia rhizome (Dicksoniaceae, Pteridophyta) showing an undissected amphiphloic siphonostele (also known as solenostele) Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-195 17-195t.jpg 17-195v.jpg 86 17-195h.jpg 267 Dicksonia rhizome (Dicksoniaceae, Pteridophyta) showing an undissected amphiphloic siphonostele (also known as solenostele) Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-196 17-196t.jpg 17-196v.jpg 79 17-196h.jpg 309 Dicksonia rhizome (Dicksoniaceae, Pteridophyta) showing an undissected amphiphloic siphonostele (also known as solenostele) Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-197 17-197t.jpg 17-197v.jpg 104 17-197h.jpg 324 Helianthus annuus stem, showing secondary growth. Note cambium, phloem fibers, primary & secondary phloem and xylem, collenchyma. Collateral bundle Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-198 17-198t.jpg 17-198v.jpg 96 17-198h.jpg 293 Cucurbia older stem showing bicollateral bundle Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-199 17-199t.jpg 17-199v.jpg 91 17-199h.jpg 291 Ranunculus stem (Ranunculaceae, butterwort) showing closed bundles. This dicot has exclusively herbaceous growth (no secondary issues) Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-200 17-200t.jpg 17-200v.jpg 75 17-200h.jpg 231 Zea mays stem, cross section. The bundles are clearly polarized, but scattered, forming an atactostele. Stele anatomy, siphonostele
17-201 17-201t.jpg 17-201v.jpg 106 17-201h.jpg 241 Root anatomy of Ranunculus (buttercup, Ranunculaceae), an herbaceous dicot. Note exarch xylem maturation, centripetal phloem maturation, endodermis, pericycle. Root anatomy
17-202 17-202t.jpg 17-202v.jpg 96 17-202h.jpg 212 Xylem maturation in the root of Ranunculus. The red cells have matured and are lignified. The smallest xylem cells are the oldest (first matured). At the center, metaxylem is still maturing. Root anatomy
17-203 17-203t.jpg 17-203v.jpg 131 17-203h.jpg 274 Lateral root placement in Zea (maize, Poaceae) alternates with primary xylem (opposite the primary phloem). Note its origin is beneath the endodermis in the pericycle. Root anatomy
17-204 17-204t.jpg 17-204v.jpg 147 17-204h.jpg 360 Secondrary root growth in Larix (larch, Pinaceae) shows extensive secondary xylem growth and bark formation. Root anatomy
17-205 17-205t.jpg 17-205v.jpg 75 17-205h.jpg 161 Velamen, a multiseriate epidermis in orchids that absorbs water in the environment and transmits it to the interior of the air roots of the plant. Root anatomy
17-206 17-206t.jpg 17-206v.jpg 92 17-206h.jpg 209 Apical cell of the root of Equisetum (horsetail), exhibiting four cutting faces, rather than three. The four cutting face forms the root cap. Root apical meristem
17-207 17-207t.jpg 17-207v.jpg 114 17-207h.jpg 269 Root apical meristem of Raphanus (radish, Brassicaceae) showing three tier organization, type 1: epidemis shares initial with cortex. Root apical meristem
17-208 17-208t.jpg 17-208v.jpg 99 17-208h.jpg 234 Four-tiered root apex of Zea (maize) with vertically tiered initials for root cap fundamental tissue (calyprogen). No shared initials. Root apical meristem
17-209 17-209t.jpg 17-209v.jpg 106 17-209h.jpg 252 Four-tiered root apex of Zea (maize) with vertically tiered initials for root cap fundamental tissue (calyprogen). No shared initials. Root apical meristem
17-210 17-210t.jpg 17-210v.jpg 101 17-210h.jpg 245 Root apical meristem of Linum (flax, Linaceae) showing three tier organization, type 2: epidemis shares initial with root cap. Root apical meristem
17-211 17-211t.jpg 17-211v.jpg 142 17-211h.jpg 320 Root apical meristem of Pisum (pea, Fabaceae) showing unstratified initials. Instead initials are horizonatally placed, rather than vertically tiered. Root apical meristem
17-212 17-212t.jpg 17-212v.jpg 138 17-212h.jpg 324 Root anatomy of Actaea (baneberry, Ranunculaceae) showing considerable secondary growth. Note protoxylem and protophloem poles, areas of cell division. Root anatomy
17-213 17-213t.jpg 17-213v.jpg 59 17-213h.jpg 140 Young root anatomy of Gossypium (cotton, Malvaceae) showing onset of secondary growth. Root anatomy
17-214 17-214t.jpg 17-214v.jpg 136 17-214h.jpg 300 Root anatomy of older root of Gossypium (cotton, Malvaceae) showing center of root and considerable secondary growth. Root anatomy
17-215 17-215t.jpg 17-215v.jpg 135 17-215h.jpg 294 Root anatomy of older root of Gossypium) showing medulary ray, phloem and xylem. Root anatomy
17-216 17-216t.jpg 17-216v.jpg 139 17-216h.jpg 309 Root anatomy in woody roots of Tilia showing similarity with woody stems. Root anatomy
17-241 17-241t.jpg 17-241v.jpg 118 17-241h.jpg 290 Fern root apical cell of Pteris (brake fern, Pteridaceae) shows four cutting faces. Root apical meristem
17-242 17-242t.jpg 17-242v.jpg 106 17-242h.jpg 270 Root apical meristem showing three tier organization, type 1: epidemis shares initial with cortex. Root apical meristem
17-250 17-250t.jpg 17-250v.jpg 100 17-250h.jpg 242 Squash of mitotic root tip cells. The cells used for this were collected from the small zone of intense mitotic activity, just below the apex.
17-251 17-251t.jpg 17-251v.jpg 54 17-251h.jpg 130 Anaphase in onion root tip cells. Mitosis, cell division
17-252 17-252t.jpg 17-252v.jpg 74 17-252h.jpg 170 Newly formed daughter cells in onion root tip cells. Mitosis, cell division
17-253 17-253t.jpg 17-253v.jpg 69 17-253h.jpg 159 Prophase and anaphase in onion root tip cells. Mitosis, cell division
17-254 17-254t.jpg 17-254v.jpg 76 17-254h.jpg 174 Metaphase in onion root tip cells. Mitosis, cell division
17-255 17-255t.jpg 17-255v.jpg 45 17-255h.jpg 115 Metaphase cell and adjacent statocytes in onion root tip cells. Mitosis, cell division
17-256 17-256t.jpg 17-256v.jpg 73 17-256h.jpg 171 Prophase of chromatin condensation in onion root tip cells. Mitosis, cell division
17-260 17-260t.jpg 17-260v.jpg 79 17-260h.jpg 191 Raphides in elongating Typha root. Raphides, Ergasitic substances
17-261 17-261t.jpg 17-261v.jpg 166 17-261h.jpg 380 Secondary growth in Tilia. Rhytidome and wood are visible. Stem anatomy
17-262 17-262t.jpg 17-262v.jpg 97 17-262h.jpg 230 Oak wood maceration showing large vessel members, fibers, fiber-tracheids, axial parenchyma. Xylem
17-263 17-263t.jpg 17-263v.jpg 140 17-263h.jpg 353 Flower of Pereskia, a cactus. The inferior ovary of the Cactaceae is embedded in the receptacle. Stamens and other floral parts are attached to the hypantheum. Flower anatomy
17-264 17-264t.jpg 17-264v.jpg 93 17-264h.jpg 230 Moth Plant. A theoretical plant displaying spontaneous generation, from the writings of Pliny the Elder. Fictitious plants
17-265 17-265t.jpg 17-265v.jpg 74 17-265h.jpg 192 Butterfly Plant. Another theoretical plant displaying spontaneous generation, from the writings of Pliny the Elder. Fictitious plants